• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.191-199
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• 2019

Road development is considered an important factor in invasion and dispersion of ailen plants by damaging the natural ecosystems and connecting the detached landscapes into long tubular structures. In this study, vegetation survey was carried out according to the topographical characteristics of cut slope, fill slope, and flat land at the construction site in order to understand the effect of road developemt on the change of the floristic composition of ailen plants. Road developement projects caused a lot of changes in annual and biennial alien plants because of continuous disturbances. Changes in species composition of alien plants decreased in the cut slope. On the other hand, the ailen palnts of the fill slope increased. The increase or decrease alien plants on flat land were identified depending on where it occurred, and no major trend was found. The cause of these change was driven by unintentionally introduced alien plants. In particular, the cut slope with a high occurence of unintentional ailen plants should not be used as a source of high-risk alien plants such as ecosystem disturbances. Since the transplanted species were intentionally planted by the landscape plan, it was possible to identify colonies from early stages and spread to the nearby flat land. Therefore, in order to minimize the impact of road slope vegetation on the surrounding ecosystem during and after road construction, it is suggested to plant high viability plants in the landscape design during the environmental impact assessment consultation.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.547-552
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• 2003

Separation and determinations of Co(II) and Ni(II) ions as their 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol(PAR) chelates by reversed-phase capillary high-performance liquid chromatography(RP-CpHPLC) were performed. Among many capillary columns, Vydac C4 column was selected and acetonitrile solution was used as mobile phase. The effect of pH and MeCN concentration(%) on the retention factor, k and peak intensity was examined and discussed. As a results, it was found that 22.5% MeCN and pH 5.60 was adequate as mobile phase for the separation of the two metal ions and determination of Co(II) ion, but the mobile phase condition for Ni(II) ion determination was 22.5% MeCN of pH 7.20. Detection limit(D.L., S/N=3) of Co(II) and Ni(II) ions were $2.0{\times}10{-7}$ M(14.9 ppb) and $1.0{\times}10{-6}$ M(59.2 ppb), respectively.

• Mycobiology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.224-235
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• 2018

Temperature is an important environmental factor that can greatly influence the cultivation of Auricularia cornea. In this study, lignin peroxidase, laccase, manganese peroxidase, and cellulose in A. cornea fruiting bodies were tested under five different temperatures ($20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, $30^{\circ}C$, $35^{\circ}C$, and $40^{\circ}C$) in three different culture periods (10 days, 20 days and 30 days). In addition, the V4 region of bacterial 16S rRNA genes in the substrate of A. cornea cultivated for 30 days at different temperatures were sequenced using next-generation sequencing technology to explore the structure and diversity of bacterial communities in the substrate. Temperature and culture days had a significant effect on the activities of the four enzymes, and changes in activity were not synchronized with changes in temperature and culture days. Overall, we obtained 487,694 sequences from 15 samples and assigned them to 16 bacterial phyla. Bacterial community composition and structure in the substrate changed when the temperature was above $35^{\circ}C$. The relative abundances of some bacteria were significantly affected by temperature. A total of 35 genera at five temperatures in the substrate were correlated, and 41 functional pathways were predicted in the study. Bacterial genes associated with the membrane transport pathway had the highest average abundance (16.16%), and this increased at $35^{\circ}C$ and $40^{\circ}C$. Generally, different temperatures had impacts on the physiological activity of A. cornea and the bacterial community in the substrate; therefore, the data presented herein should facilitate cultivation of A. cornea.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.23-43
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• 2002

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine and analyse factors related to the actual status and practice of breast-feeding during an infant period to grasp elements detrimental to breast-feeding and, therefore, provide basic information useful for its effective practice and encouragement. Method: From April 1 to June 30, 2001, this study was carried out with the mothers of 337 who were 6 months old, as of the surveyed date, of infants born in 2002 and registered in Seongju-gun Public Health Center, Gyeongsangbug-do Province. The method for its survey included both of the visiting and telephone interviews, and questions were mainly about the mothers' general characteristics(3 questions), infants' general characteristics(3 questions), environmental characteristics of infant delivery( 4 questions), support to breast-feeding(4 questions), understanding of breast-feeding(5 questions), and feeding type during the 1 to 6-month period after birth. Result: 1. The feeding type during the I-month period after birth showed that the breast-feeding accounted for 42.4%, which was higher than dry milk-feeding(30%) or mixed milk-feeding(26.8%). However, it began to be lower than the dry milk-feeding from the 2-month period after birth. During the 6-month period, the breast-feeding accounted for 28.6% which was lower than 56.5% of the dry milk-feeding. 2. The mothers who were encouraged by their delivery clinic to and were educated to breast-feed infants accounted for 55.4% and 41.4%, respectively, which were relatively low. The understanding of breast-feeding indicated that the responses were positive from the view point of mother ＆ infant health, but negative from mother's physical form. 3. It was shown that the lower the educational background of mother(p〈0.05) and the higher the unemployment of mother(p〈0.001), the higher the positive understanding of breast-feeding, and that the higher the entire support to breast-feeding, the more positive their understanding. 4. It was also shown that the lower the educational background of mother(p〈0.05), the higher the unemployment of mother(p〈0.001), the more the experience in breast-feeding at a delivery clinic(p〈0.01) and the faster the initial feeding(p〈0.001), the higher the rate of breast-feeding. 5. The factor having an effect on breast-feeding included a delivery clinic's encouragement to breast-feed(p〈0.001), understanding of breast-feeding(p〈0.01), father's comment on feeding method(p〈0.05) and mother's employment(p〈0.05). Discussion: In order to encourage the breast-feeding, as shown above, it is required, fist of all, to offer pregnant women an education about importance and excellence of breast-feeding and its appropriate method before delivery in advance to result in a positive comprehension of the breast-feeding. To do that, both the publicity activities and program development designed to encourage the breast-feeding must be performed in advance at the government level. In addition to that, the mother-infant space as ‘rooming-in’ available for breast-feeding immediately after delivery must be prepared on the basis of legal and administrative support. Finally, female employees' leave after childbirth must be performed for the purpose of productive welfare and circumstances also be prepared for breast-feeding, such as a children's home at work.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.287-298
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• 2019

The aim of the present study was to compare the germination and seedling characteristics of rice varieties grown under various flooding conditions and different temperature and oxygen levels and to identify germplasm suitable for wet direct seeding. Three anaerobic germination tolerant (AGT) genotypes (PBR, WD3, KHO) and eleven Korean rice varieties (KVs) adapted for direct seeding were evaluated for seedling performance under different temperatures (15, 18, 21, and 24℃ ) and oxygen levels (Low, Normal, High). Compared with the KVs, the AGT genotypes (especially KHO and PBR) exhibited relatively high germination and survival rates and coleoptile and radical growth rates under low temperature and low oxygen conditions, thereby indicating their suitability for wet direct seeding. Among the KVs, 'Dongan,' 'Jungan,' and 'Cheongdam' rice exhibited the highest survival rates under low temperature and low oxygen conditions. Three-way ANOVA indicated that temperature had the greater effects on seedling characteristics (43.2-78.0%) than either oxygen level (15.4-37.5%) or genotype (2.0-29.8%) did. Therefore, in direct seeding cultivation, temperature was the most important environmental factor for seedling establishment.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.169-178
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• 1996

Target parameters such as water solubility index (WSI), intrinsic viscosity (IV), water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), soluble dietary fiber (SDF) and microstructure were investigated on three different screw configurations during twin-screw extrusion of wheat bran. WSI of raw wheat bran (RWB) was 13.7%, while that of extrudates ranged $16.3{\sim}23.2%$ when extruded using screw configurations with 5 reverse screw elements (RSE). It was found that the moisture content of RWB greatly affected WSI of extrudates. IV of wheat bran extrudates increased from 10.6 ml/g of RWB to $37.86{\sim}44.37\;ml/g$ of extrudates extruded using 3, 4 and 5 RSE, whose trend was highly related to the moisture content of RWB and the extrusion pressure. Multiplication of IV and soluble solid (SS) content exhibited good correlation $(R^2=0.85)$ with specific mechanical energy (SME). The results suggested that SS and molecular size are an important factor governed by the SME in solubilization of wheat bran. WHC increased with increasing feed rate and moisture content, while OHC decreased. SDF increased from 2.68% of RWB to $4.32{\sim}6.48%$ of extruded wheat bran, indicating the significant breakdown of cell wall components. Microstructure of the extrudates showed the distinct patterns of degradation and solubilization of cell wall structure, depending on the moisture content of RWB.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.345-349
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• 2019

In Korea, the mountainous area occupies more than 70% of the whole country, cutting of earth slope that cuts a part of the ground surface is widely used when building infrastructures such as road, railroad, and industrial complex construction. In recent years, regulations on environmental damage have become more strict, and various methods have been developed and applied. Among them, Concrete-Panel Retaining Wall technique is actively applied. Concrete-Panel Retaining Wall is a method to resist horizontal earth pressure by forming a wall by attaching a precast retaining wall to the front of the support material and increasing the shear strength of the disk through reinforcement of the support material. Soil nailing, earth bolt, and ground anchor are used as support material. Among them, ground anchor is a more aggressive reinforcement type that introduces tensile load in advance to the steel wire, and a large concentrated load acts on the front panel. This concentrated load is a factor that creates cracks in the concrete panel and reduces the durability of the retaining wall itself. In this study, steel pipe sleeves and reinforcements were purchased at the anchorage of the panel to prevent cracks, and by applying bumpy shear keys to the end of the panel, the weakness of the individual behavior of the existing grout anchors was improved. The problem of degraded landscape by exposure to front concrete of retaining wall and protrusion of anchorage was solved by the production of natural stone patterns and the construction of sections that do not protrude the anchorage. In order to verify the effectiveness of anti-crack sleeves and reinforcements used in the null, indoor testing and three-dimensional numerical analysis have been performed, and the use of steel pipe sleeves and reinforcements has demonstrated the overall strength increase and crack suppression effect of panels.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1095-1103
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• 2019

Objective: Among stress responses, the unfolded protein response (UPR) is a well-known mechanism related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. ER stress is induced by a variety of external and environmental factors such as starvation, ischemia, hypoxia, oxidative stress, and heat stress. Inositol requiring enzyme $1{\alpha}$ ($IRE1{\alpha}$)-X-box protein 1 (XBP1) is the most conserved pathway involved in the UPR and is the main component that mediates $IRE1{\alpha}$ signalling to downstream ER-associated degradation (ERAD)- or UPR-related genes. XBP1 is a transcription factor synthesised via a novel mechanism called 'frame switch splicing', and this process has not yet been studied in the horse XBP1 gene. Therefore, the aim of this study was to confirm the frame switch splicing of horse XBP1 and characterise its dynamics using Thoroughbred muscle cells exposed to heat stress. Methods: Primary horse muscle cells were used to investigate heat stress-induced frame switch splicing of horse XBP1. Frame switch splicing was confirmed by sequencing analysis. XBP1 amino acid sequences and promoter sequences of various species were aligned to confirm the sequence homology and to find conserved cis-acting elements, respectively. The expression of the potential XBP1 downstream genes were analysed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: We confirmed that splicing of horse XBP1 mRNA was affected by the duration of thermal stress. Twenty-six nucleotides in the mRNA of XBP1 were deleted after heat stress. The protein sequence and the cis-regulatory elements on the promoter of horse XBP1 are highly conserved among the mammals. Induction of putative downstream genes of horse XBP1 was dependent on the duration of heat stress. We confirmed that both the mechanisms of XBP1 frame switch splicing and various binding elements found in downstream gene promoters are highly evolutionarily conserved. Conclusion: The frame switch splicing of horse XBP1 and its dynamics were highly conserved among species. These results facilitate studies of ER-stress in horse.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.312-317
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• 2017

Weight loss that influences quality and farmer incomes is affected by the storage environment of agricultural products. The interior of storage should be maintained at high humidity to prevent the weight loss of products which contain a lot of moisture. The research had constantly proceeded with change in the heat exchanger surface areas, humidity systems, and weight loss forecast to maintain high humidity within storage. Relative humidity that exerts an effect weight loss of crop is influenced by storage temperature, leak state, and volume of product. When weight loss is predicted, different conditions of these factors are derived. In case of CA storage, ways of forecasting the weight loss become easier compared to cold storage due to sealed storage with external environment during storage period. In this study, apples were stored in purge-type CA storage and weight loss has been predicted by using operating characteristics and environmental conditions. As a result, humidity variation in the storage fluctuates with the operation of the unit-cooler. Furthermore, unit-cooler operation factor is influenced by outside temperature and respiration heat. Prediction value of weight loss according to temperature and humidity has been most accurately predicted. Prediction value through defrosting water measured shows unit-cooler work quality. K-value needs verification to calculate the VPD method.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.227-233
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• 2021

Benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and ubiquitous environmental toxin with known harmful effects to human health. Abnormal phenotypes of keratinocytes are closely associated with their exposure to B[a]P. Resorcinol is a component of argan oil with reported anticancer activities, but its mechanism of action and potential effect on B[a]P damage to the skin is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of resorcinol on B[a]P-induced abnormal keratinocyte biology and its mechanisms of action in human epidermal keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. Resorcinol suppressed aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activity as evidenced by the inhibition of B[a]P-induced xenobiotic response element (XRE)-reporter activation and cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) expression. In addition, resorcinol attenuated B[a]P-induced nuclear translocation of AhR, and production of ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines. We also found that resorcinol increased nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) activity. Antioxidant response element (ARE)-reporter activity and expression of ARE-dependent genes NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 (NQO1), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were increased by resorcinol. Consistently, resorcinol treatment induced nuclear localization of Nrf2 as seen by Western analysis. Knockdown of Nrf2 attenuated the resorcinol effects on ARE signaling, but knockdown of AhR did not affect resorcinol activation of Nrf2. This suggests that activation of antioxidant activity by resorcinol is not mediated by AhR. These results indicate that resorcinol is protective against effects of B[a]P exposure. The mechanism of action of resorcinol is inhibition of AhR and activation of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant signaling. Our findings suggest that resorcinol may have potential as a protective agent against B[a]P-containing pollutants.