• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.6
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• pp.152-171
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• 2002

This study analyses the avatar service, which is recognized as an alternative strategy of animation industry. The research questions of this study are following: (1) How have the avatar services been developed and what are the present dominant types? (2) Which structural characteristics of e-business environment are needed for the success of avatar services? (3) What is the economic characteristics of avatar business model? To solve these research questions, the basic conditions and the structural characteristics of avatar services have been investigated. In the first place, two forms of avatar service are classified. One is the internet service site whole primary service is to provide chatting service based on avatar service. The other is the portal site in which many kinds of products and services are presented as bundles to meet the needs of internet users. So avatar service is one of bundles which those portal sites are providing with. In this study, the big five internet service sites are selected based on the profits they earned through the sales of avatar service. The result of analysis is that the pricing strategy of those big five sites is very different from those of traditional off-line markets. The pricing mechanism are based on the value which internet users endow with the avatar items, not based on the costs of making the products. Avatar is the representative informative goods. The informative goods have the original cost structures, constant fixed costs and zero marginal costs, so the providers of avatar services make much of the subjective values of consumers. The sayclub, which is the most successful avatar service site and earn the average sales of 3 billing won a month, takes the aggressive strategy of pricing avatar items at highest price in the industry. The avatar service providers which make lots of profits are planning of making differentiate the services, introducing well-known brand items and star-named items. Nevertheless, the fact that the members of the sayclub are not decreasing means that the network effect of the site is so strongly manifest. Moreover, the costs the members have paid for the avatar items are so big not as to switch from one site to the other site, it can be very costly. These switching costs are endemic in high-technology industries and digital contents industries. It can be so large that switching suppliers is virtually unthinkable, a situation known as 'lock-in'. When switching costs are substantial, competition can be intense to attract new customers, since, one they are locked in, they can be a substantial source of profit. The consumers of avatar items have switching costs if they subscribe for the new avatar service site. The switching costs can be subscription costs as well as the costs of giving up the items they already paid for. One common example of switching costs involves specialized supplies, as with inkjet printer cartridges. In this example, the switching cost is the purchase of a new printer. The market is competitive ex ante, but since cartridges are incompatible, it is monopolized dx post. So the providers of printer/cartridges set pricing printer so cheap and cartridges expensive. On the contrary, since the avatar service can be successful with the strong network effect, the providers of avatar services have to compete aggressively for new customers. So they allow the subscription at a low price(almost marginal cost) in the early market. The network effect can be maximized when the members are sufficiently growing. The providers which have the monopoly power with sufficient subscribers. begin to raise the prices over the lifetime of the product and make profits.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.792-800
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• 2012

The study was performed to simulate the reduction efficiency of suspended solids (SS) for cultivated land located at riverine area at the Namhan River and the Bukhan River watershed sites (site A, B, C) under the rainfall conditions using HUFF & SCS UH-based VFS Design module of Web GIS-based VFSMOD System. The study indicates that the field 5% sloped, located at Bukhan River watershed (site A), requires at least 0.5 m width of Vegetative Filter Strip (VFS) to reduce 70% of SS while the field 10% sloped requires the at least 1.0~1.5 m width of VFS to reduce 70% SS, under the condition 106.2 mm of rainfall event and bell pepper or corn of crops. Against the conditions 95.1 mm of rainfall event and sweet potato or soy bean of crops, the field 5% sloped, located at Namhan River watershed (site B) requires at least 0.5 m width of VFS to reduce 70% of SS while the field 10% sloped requires at least 1.0 m width of VFS to reduce 50% SS. The crops sweet potato and soy bean are cultivated in the site C, located at Namhan River watershed, 1 m of VFS is capable of 64.0% and 62.0% of SS reduction against 102.6 mm and 151.2 mm rainfall conditions respectively, for the 5% sloped field. The result supports that VFS is one of most potential methods to reduce SS from cultivated area, which is environment-friendly hydrologic structure. The VFS design, however, needs to be simulated before its installation in the field, the simulation needs to consider not only various characteristics of the field but also different conditions affecting the VFS, using a model capable to consider a lot of factors.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.10 s.96
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• pp.899-908
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• 2004

The rise of income and introduction of 5 day a week working system give korean people opportunities to enjoy their leisure time. And many korean people have much interest in oceanic sports such as yachting and also oceanic leisure equipments. With the popularization and development of the equipments, the scope of oceanic activities has been expanding in Korea just as in the advanced oceanic countries. However, The current conditions for the sports in Korea are not advanced and even worse than underdeveloped countries. In order to develop the underdeveloped resources of Korean marina, we need to customize the marina models of advanced nations to serve the specific needs and circumstances of Korea As such we have carried out a comparative analysis of how Austrailia, Newzealand, Singapore, japan and Malaysia operate their marina, reaching the following conclusions. Firstly, in marina operations, in order to protect personal property rights and to preserve the environment, we must operate membership and non-membership, profit and non-profit schemes separately, yet without regulating the dress code entering or leaving the club house. Secondly, in order to accumulate greater value added, new sporting events should be hosted each year. There is also the need for an active use of volunteers, the generation of greater interest in yacht tourism, and the simplification of CIQ procedures for foreign yachts as well as the provision of language services. Thirdly, a permanent yacht school should be established, and classes should be taught by qualified instructors. Beginners, intermediary, and advanced learner classes should be managed separately with special emphasis on the dinghy yacht program for children. Fourthly, arrival and departure at the moorings must be regulated autonomically, and there must be systematic measures for the marina to be able, in part, to compensate for loss and damages to equipment, security and surveillance after usage fees have been paid for. Fifthly, marine safety personnel must be formed in accordance with Korea's current circumstances from civilian organizations in order to be used actively in benchmarking, rescue operations, and oceanic searches at times of disaster at sea.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-27
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• 2017

This study was investigated in order to occurrence of weed flora in orchard (apple, grape, peach, pear etc.) fields and to the establishment of weed control basic data in these weeds. And this study was survey on 2015. As a result of the study on orchard weeds, there were total of 492 weeds including 63 families. Among all the weeds, 159 species were annual, 97 species were winter annual and 236 were perennial. Each fruit tree patterns of occurrence weeds, 306 species 50 families in apple orchard, 304 species 50 families in pear orchard, 286 species 50 families in grape orchard, and 288 species 48 families in peach orchard. Dominance was the highest with Digitaria ciliaris followed by Artemisia princeps, Stellaria aquatica, Commelina communis, Acalypha australis etc. in order. And exotics weeds occurred 127 species. Trifolium repens was the highest in importance analysis and the followings were in order of Conyza canadensis, Chenopodium album, Taraxacum offcinale, Rumex crispus etc. Changes in weed vegetation in orchard during 30 years, did not very many changed. In 1990, D. ciliaris, Persicaria hydropiper, Portulaca loeracea were dominant. In 2003, D. ciliaris was the most abundant species, followed by A. australis, A. princeps species. And in 2015, also D. ciliaris was the most dominant, followed by A. princeps, S. aquatica.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.455-469
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• 2010

Changes of geomorphology in alluvial river and vegetation recruitment on its floodplain downstream from dams are investigated both qualitatively and quantitatively focusing on the downstream of Andong dam and Imha dam on the Nakdong River. Results of the analyses of river morphology and bed material in the study site show a general trend of riverbed degradation with a max scour of 3 m and bed material coarsening from pre-dam value of 1.5 mm in D50 to post-dam value of 2.5 mm. Decrease in bed shear stress due to the decrease in flood discharge have caused vegetation recruitment on the once-naked sandbars. As result, the ratio of area of vegetated bars over total area of bars has drastically changed from only 7% in 1971 before the Andong dam (constructed in 1976) to 25% after it, and increased to 43% only three year after the Imha dam (constructed in 1992) and eventually to 74% by 2005. Analysis of the vegetation succession at Wicjeol subreach, one of the three subreaches selected in this study for detailed investigation, has clearly shown a succession of vegetation on once-naked sand bars to a pioneering stage, reed and grass stage, willow shrub and eventually to willow tree stages. At the second subreach selected, two large point bars in front of Hahoe Village seem to have maintained their sand surfaces without a signifiant vegetation recruitment until 2005. The sand bars, however, seem to have been invaded by vegetation recently, which warns river managers to have a countermeasure to protect the sand bars from vegetation invasion in order to conserve them for the historical village of Hahoe. On the other hand, recruitment and establishment of vegetation on the sand bars by artificial disturbance of the river, such as damming, can create an unique habitat of backmarsh in the sandy river, as shown in the case of Gudam Wetland, and may increase the biodiversity as compared with relatively monotonous sand bars. Last, the premise in this study that decrease in flood discharge due to upstream dams and decrease in bed shear stress can induce vegetation recruitment on the naked sand bars in the river has been verified with the analyses of the distribution of dimensionless bed shear stress along the selected cross section in each subreach.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.222-229
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• 2009

This study was performed to evaluate effect of different fertilization management practices on soil microbial activities and community structure using soil enzyme activities and PLFA contents in volcanic ash citrus orchard soil. Six experiment plots have differently managed based on the recommended application rate(NPK) of chemical fertilizer and compost for 13 years. Experiment plots were composed of no-fertilization(control), compost only, half amount of NPK with compost (1/2NPK+COM), NPK, NPK with compost(NPK+COM), and 3 times amount of NPK(3NPK). Soil samples collected in early March, May, July, and September 2007. Urease activity was high at NPK+COM in March, May, and September. It was higher in NPK+COM than in NPK. Urease activity decreased according to the order NPK>compost>control in March and May; compost>NPK>control in July and September. Dehydrogenase activity was significantly higher in 1/2NPK+COM($4.3ug\;TPF\;g^{-1}\;24h^{-1}$) than in control($2.4ug\;TPF\;g^{-1}\;24h^{-1}$), May. $\beta$-glucosidase activity was significantly higher in NPK and 1/2NPK+COM than in control, May. In March, Total PLFA contents were higher in NPK+COM($349.2n\;mol\;g^{-1}$) than in 3NPK($228.5n\;mol\;g^{-1}$). And that were higher in 1/2NPK+COM($237.8n\;mol\;g^{-1}$) than in 3NPK($133.1n\;mol\;g^{-1}$), May. Distribution ratio of soil microbial groups by PLFA biomaker were not significantly difference in between seasonal and treatments. Principal component analysis by PLFA profiles showed that microbial community in compost and 3NPK plot were different compared with other treatments in March. But Differences in compost and 3NPK plot were not found in May. Our result showed that the change of microbial community structure affected by fertilization effect and seasonable variation.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.171-201
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• 2004

Modern sciences in the West are deeply rooted in the Greek and Roman cultural heritage. Consequently, the academic achievements accomplished by the scholars of the Arabs including Persian world, the profound thoughts developed in the Indian subcontinent, and the excellent works made by the East Asian scholars have mostly been neglected in the past. This paper attempts to compare the thoughts and theories on population developed by the Western scholars with those of East Asian scolars, in chronological order, ancient, mediaeval, and modern period before Malthus. The thesis that excessive population growth may reduce output per worker, depress levels of living for the masses and engender strife is of great antiquity. In fact, overpopulation in East Asia, especially in China, goes back to very ancient times, most Confucian scholars maintained the notion of a numerical balance between population and environment. They also looked for means to check the increase in numbers. The foundations of a theory of optimum population level, fully developed in the twentieth century, can be found in their writings. Although early population thoughts in China had not advanced far in the analysis of the significance of population size and growth, it had taken only a few steps forward. At some times and to some observers, populousness appeared desirable; at other times and to other observers, it seemed all too evident that the number of people could become too great. These viewpoints foreshowed some of the later developments. The early population literatures reviewed here seem to consist of a number of quite isolated contributions. In fact, however, there may have been a greater continuity of thought than now appears, for many of the contributions may have been lost and there are many gaps in the record. An intensive review on comparing two works, those of Malthus' and Hong, Liang-chi's, are presented in this paper. Only five years before Malthus published his famous work, An Essay on the Principle of Population, Hong published his theories on population. Some of them, Hong insisted, are very similar to the Malthusian concepts of geometrical increase, natural and artificial checks of population. Despite the excellent works in the ancient period, this paper concludes with an investigation of the reasons why modem achievements in scientific areas in the East Asia have been far behind that of the West.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.123-134
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• 2010

Considering the benefits for both consumers and suppliers, firms are taking advantage of the Internet as a medium to communicate with and sell products to their consumers. This trend makes the online shopping environment a growing field for both researchers and practitioners. This paper contributes by testing a model of online consumer behavior with websites varying in levels of hedonism. Unlike past studies, we included all three types of emotions (arousal, pleasure, and dominance) and flow into the model. In this study, we assumed that website interfaces, such as background colors, music, and fonts impact the three types of emotions at the initial exposure to the site (Mazaheri, Richard, and Laroche, 2011). In turn, these emotions influence flow and consumers' perceptions of the site atmospherics-perception of site informativeness, effectiveness, and entertainment. This assumption is consistent with Zajonc (1980) who argued that affective reactions are independent of perceptual and cognitive operations and can influence responses. We, then, propose that the perceptions of site atmospherics along with flow, influence customers' attitudes toward the website and toward the product, site involvement, and purchase intentions. In addition, we studied the moderating impact of the level of hedonism of websites on all the relationship in the model. Thus, the path coefficients were compared between "high" and "low" hedonic websites. We used 39 real websites from 12 product categories (8 services and 4 physical goods) to test the model. Among them, 20 were perceived as high hedonic and 19 as low hedonic by the respondents. The result of EQS 6.1 support the overall model: $\chi^2$=1787 (df=504), CFI=.994; RMSEA=.031. All the hypotheses were significant. In addition, the results of multi-groups analyses reveal several non-invariant structural paths between high and low hedonic website groups. The findings supported the model regarding the influence of the three types of emotions on customers' perceptions of site atmospherics, flow, and other customer behavior variables. It was found that pleasure strongly influenced site attitudes and perceptions of site entertainment. Arousal positively impacted the other two types of emotions, perceptions of site informativeness, and site involvement. Additionally, the influence of arousal on flow was found to be highly significant. The results suggested a strong association between dominance and customers' perceptions of site effectiveness. Dominance was also found to be associated with site attitudes and flow. Moreover, the findings suggested that site involvement and attitudes toward the product are the most important antecedents of purchase intentions. Site informativeness and flow also significantly influenced purchase intentions. The results of multi-group analysis supported the moderating impacts of hedonism of the websites. Compared to low (high) hedonic sites, the impacts of utilitarian (hedonic) attributes on other variables were stronger in high (low) hedonic websites. Among the three types of emotions, dominance (controlling feelings) effects were stronger in high hedonic sites and pleasure effects were stronger in low hedonic sites. Moreover, the impact of site informativeness was stronger for high hedonic websites compared to their low-hedonic counterparts. On the other hand, the influence of effectiveness of information on perceptions of site informativeness and the impact of site involvement on product attitudes were stronger for low hedonic websites than for high hedonic ones.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.52-68
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• 2014

In this study, we investigated the seasonal variation of SST(Sea Surface Temperature) and thermal effluents estimated by using Landsat-7 ETM+ around the Kori Nuclear Power Plant for 10 years(2000~2010). Also, we analyzed the direction and range of thermal effluents dispersion by the tidal current and tide. The results are as follows, First, we figured out the algorithm to estimate SST through the linear regression analysis of Landsat DN(Digital Number) and NOAA SST. And then, the SST was verified by compared with the in situ measurement and NOAA SST. The determination coefficient is 0.97 and root mean square error is $1.05{\sim}1.24^{\circ}C$. Second, the SST distribution of Landsat-7 estimated by linear regression equation showed $12{\sim}13^{\circ}C$ in winter, $13{\sim}19^{\circ}C$ in spring, and $24{\sim}29^{\circ}C$ and $16{\sim}24^{\circ}C$ in summer and fall. The difference of between SST and thermal effluents temperature is $6{\sim}8^{\circ}C$ except for the summer season. The difference of SST is up to $2^{\circ}C$ in August. There is hardly any dispersion of thermal effluents in August. When it comes to the spread range of thermal effluents, the rise range of more than $1^{\circ}C$ in the sea surface temperature showed up to 7.56km from east to west and 8.43km from north to south. The maximum spread area was $11.65km^2$. It is expected that the findings of this study will be used as the foundational data for marine environment monitoring on the area around the nuclear power plant.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.1-20
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• 2020

Coastal ferry routes are very important because they connect the mainland to islands, offer transportation for islanders, and bring tourism to islands. In particular, the recent increase in national income, prevalence of a culture that emphasizes work-life balance, and introduction of the five-day workweek have stoked interest in travel as a leisure pursuit, and demand for tourism from Korean people in islands has increased. As the number of passengers using coastal passenger terminals increases due to changes in the coastal tourism environment, the importance and need for coastal passenger terminal facilities and services is growing. Under these circumstances, it is necessary for the management organizations of coastal passenger terminals to manage and efficiently operate the terminals in such a way that budgets can be reasonably implemented and the convenience of passengers using the terminals is enhanced. This study primarily analyzed the management efficiency of coastal passenger terminals in terms of profitability and public interest using data envelopment analysis. The eight passenger terminals achieved low management efficiency in terms of profitability. These terminals should improve profitability by increasing income from terminal office rental and ancillary businesses and revenue from terminal fees by boosting island tourism and expanding overseas passenger transportation. The eight terminals with low management efficiency for public interest should increase the number of passengers by promoting island tourism, developing tour packages to Japan and China's coastal areas, developing new routes, and introducing super-high-speed ships.