• Development and Reproduction
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.157-163
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• 1998

Preimplantation embryos of the rat was examined by the morphological changes in the cortical granule envelope (CGE), blastomere surface, and zona pellucida (ZP) of embryo after cortical reaction. The ultrastructural characteristics and CGE of embryos were observed with the scanning electron microscope and fluorescence microscope. In the ultrastructural characteristic of embryo surface, surface microvilli were shortened and the CGE-like structure existed above microvilli in eight-cell embryo. Rough spongy surface and decreased network numbers were key characters of embryonic ZP compared to unfertilized oocyte. The CGE formed by cortical reaction existed in perivitelline space during embryo development but it was thin and locally distributed ill contrast to fertilized oocyte. The present results indicate that cortical reaction forms cortical granule envelope in perivitelline space and causes not only zona hardening, but also ultrastructural changes in ZP and cell membrane of preimplantation embryos.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2013

The leopard danio, Danio rerio var. frankei is a spotted color morph of the zebrafish, Danio rerio caused by a pigment mutation. The structural differences of fertilized egg and egg envelope are poorly documented. To clarify this, we compared the fertilized egg morphology and ultrastructures of surface structures, the micropyle and the cross section of fertilized egg envelopes of zebrafish and leopard danio, variation species of zebrafish using a light and electron microscopes. Although the fertilized egg sizes were different, the external shapes of the fertilized eggs of two species couldn't be differentiated under the light microscope. The characteristics of fertilized eggs, such as a spherical shape, a non-adhesive quality and a large perivitelline space, were shown to be related to spawning habit. In ultrastructure of fertilized egg envelope, there is no morphological difference of micropyle between two species. By contrast, the ultrastructure and the numbers of knob-like structures and semihemisphere-like structures per unit area on the outer surface, and the number of lamellae of inner layer on the fertilized egg envelope section displayed definite species specificity. Collectively, our data indicate that the ultrastructure of fertilized egg envelope in the zebrafish could be differentiated by species variation.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.51
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• pp.3.1-3.6
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• 2021

We examined the morphology of fertilized egg and ultrastructures of fertilized egg envelopes of dwarf rainbowfish (Melanotaenia praecox) belong to Melanotaeniidae using light and electron microscopes. The fertilized eggs were spherical with adhesive filament, transparent, demersal, and had a narrow perivitelline space and small oil droplets. The size of fertilized egg was 1.02 ± 0.18 mm (n = 30), and there were two kinds of adhesive filament on the fertilized eggs. The long and thick (diameter 12.22 ± 0.52 ㎛, n = 20) adhesive filaments were only at the area of animal pole, and short and thin (diameter 1.99 ± 0.23 ㎛, n = 20) adhesive filaments were around the long filaments. A micropyle was conical shaped with adhesive filament and located near the animal pole of egg. The outer surface of fertilized egg was rough side. Also, the total thickness of the fertilized egg envelope was about 7.46 ± 0.41 ㎛ (n = 20), the fertilized egg envelope consisted of two layers, an inner lamellae layer and an outer layer with high electron-density. And the inner layer was 8 layers. Collectively, these morphological characteristics and adhesive property of fertilized egg with adhesive filaments, and ultrastructures of micropyle, outer surface, and section of fertilized egg envelope are showed species specificity.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.150-154
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• 2016

The ultrastructure of fertilized egg envelope from Pseudobagrus fulvidraco belongs to Bagridae was investigated using light and electron microscopes. The fertilized egg was compressed spherical, light-yellowish, demersal, and adhesive. The size of fertilized egg is about $1.85{\pm}0.13mm$, perivitelline space is not well developed, and there were no appendicular structures on the outer surface of egg envelope and oil droplets in vitelline membrane under light microscope. The micropyle was located in the animal pole of fertilized egg. Adhesive reticular fiber was covered fertilized egg envelope. The thickness of egg envelope was about $3.7{\sim}4.2{\mu}m$, and the egg envelope consisted of two layers: an outer, electron-dense adhesive fibers layer and an simple inner layer with pore. Therefore, the ultrastructure of cross section of the fertilized egg envelope showed species specificity, but studies on the other species belongs to Bagridae were need to get correct information about common traits in family.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 1998

This paper presents d new algorithm to compute the offlet curve of a given planar parametric curve. We reduce the problem of computing an offset curve to that of intersecting a surface to a paraboloid. Given an input curve C(t)=(x(t), y(t))∈R², the corresponding surface D/sub c(t)/ is constructed symbolically as the envelope surface of a one-parameter family of tangent planes of the paraboloid Q:z=x²+y²along a lifted curve C(t)=(x(t), y(t), x(t)²+y(t)²∈Q. Given an offset distance d∈R, the offset curve C/sub d/(t) is obtained by the projection of the intersection curve of D/sub c(t)/ and a paraboloid Q:z=x²+y²-d² into the xy-plane.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.273-282
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• 1998

Ultrastructure of fertilized egg envelope in the tomato clown anemonefish (Amphiprion freatus) was examined by mean of light, scanning and transmission electron microscopies. The fertilized egg of tomato clown anemonefish was of non-transparent, ellipsoidal, adhesive and non-floted type, and there were numerous oil droplets in the yolk sac and adhesive filaments in the area of the animal pole. The outer surface of egg envelope was smooth. The fertilized egg envelope consisted of two distinct layers; a non-adhesive outer electron-dense layer and an inner layer, consisting of five horizontal low electron-dense lamellae alternating with the middle electron dense interlamellae.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.241-251
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• 2011

Most large commercial aircrafts and high performance military aircrafts use fly-by-wire (FBW) or fly-by-light systems to improve their controllability, comfort, and safety. A flight envelope protection technique is used with flight control systems utilizing the FBW technique. Such flight envelope protection systems prevent these aircraft from exceeding the structural/aerodynamic limits and control their surface limits. This is accomplished by predicting the values of the future state variables and adaptively compensating the control action. In this study, the conventional dynamic trim algorithm of the flight envelope protection is modified to increase the method accuracy and to handle cases with multiple variables. Numerical simulation is also performed to verify the performance of the proposed method.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.70-74
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• 2017

In the case of genus Nothobranchius, Nothobranchiidae, the morphology of fertilized eggs and ultrastructures of fertilized egg envelopes have been reported in only two fishes. Therefore it is hard for sure to these morphological characteristics show genus specificity because of lower research samples. So, we studied the morphology of fertilized egg, and compared the ultrastructures of outer surface, micropyle, and section of fertilized egg envelopes under the light and electron microscopes from the other two species, Nothobranchius foerschi and Nothobranchius rachovii, Nothobranchiidae to find out whether these structures have the species specificity or not. Both fertilized eggs were spherical, demersal and adhesive, and have a large oil droplet. The adhesive whip-like structures were distributed on the outer surface of egg envelope, and a micropyle located on the animal pole. The fertilized egg envelope consisted of two distinct layers: an outer electron-dense layer with adhesive structures and an inner lamellae layer in both species. The external shapes of fertilized egg and ultrastuctures of outer surface, micropyle, and section of fertilized egg envelope have same structure including results before. Our data indicate that these morphological characteristics of fertilized egg and fertilized egg envelope show genus Nothobranchius specificity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.23 no.6_2
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• pp.1051-1058
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• 2020

The chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) is a process of physically and chemically polishing the semiconductor substrate. The planarization quality of a substrate can be evaluated by the within wafer non-uniformity (WIWNU). In order to improve WIWNU, it is important to manage the pad profile. In this study, a device capable of non-contact measurement of the pad thickness profile was developed. From the measured pad profile, the profile of the pad surface and the groove was extracted using the envelope function, and the pad thickness profile was derived using the difference between each profile. Thickness profiles of various CMP pads were measured using the developed PMS and envelope function. In the case of IC series pads, regardless of the pad wear amount, the envelopes closely follow the pad surface and grooves, making it easy to calculate the pad thickness profile. In the case of the H80 series pad, the pad thickness profile was easy to derive because the pad with a small wear amount did not reveal deep pores on the pad surface. However, the pad with a large wear amount make errors in the lower envelope profile, because there are pores deeper than the grooves. By removing these deep pores through filtering, the pad flatness could be clearly confirmed. Through the developed PMS and the pad thickness profile calculation method using the envelope function, the pad life, the amount of wear and the pad flatness can be easily derived and used for various pad analysis.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.455-462
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to analyze heating and cooling load variation due to envelope retrofits in an old school building. In a previous study, envelope retrofit of an old school building resulted in annual energy consumption reduction. However, cooling energy consumption increased with the envelope retrofit. This is because of high internal heat generation rates in school buildings and internal heat cannot escape through windows or walls when the envelope's thermal performance improves. To clarify this assumption, thermal performance changes due to envelope retrofits were analyzed by simulation. Results revealed indoor temperature and inner window surface temperature increased with high insulation level of windows. Indoor heat loss through windows by conduction, convection and radiation decreased and resulted in an increase of cooling load in an old school building. From results of this study, energy saving impact of envelope retrofits in an old school building may not be significant because of high internal heat gain level in school buildings. In case of replacing windows in school buildings, local climate and internal heat gain level should be considered.