• 영어영문학
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.457-472
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• 2011

The word "subject," like its apparent antonym "agent" is ambiguous. By "speaking subject" I intend both meanings: the spoken about, and the speaker, and the spoken about, in more or less that order. The paper contrasts the way women are spoken about in the 19^th Century debate over the role of women between John Ruskin and John Mill, and then in literary criticism of feminists nearer our own time, Kate Millet and Elizabeth Langland. I then move on to women as speaking subjects, first in the form of an imaginary speaking subject created by a male speaker, Charles Dickens channeling the confessional journal of Esther Summerson in Bleak House. The comparison with Elizabeth Gaskell, a genuine speaking subject, is highly instructive. I draw attention to symmetrical, in the sense of opposite, narrative strategies. Where Dickens begins in journalese, with a gritty, realistic opening that only gradually reveals a Cinderella in the ashes, Gaskell begins with a nursery rhyme, in an actual nursery, but goes on to reveal some rather sordid economic facts. Where Dickens creates a ventriloquist's doll, Gaskell succeeds in creating recognizable, if not always admirable, female voices. I conclude that just as the novel may be read as a real utterance in a real conversation, it is also possible to read the true emergence of women novelists in the 19^th Century as nothing more and nothing less than the creation of the first truly womanly words about women: women as speaking subjects in both senses of the word.

• 영어영문학
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• 제58권6호
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• pp.1215-1233
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• 2012

This essay is an attempt to critique the notion of hybridity that has so far facilitated a liberal multiculturalist reading of White Teeth. For an alternative framework, it posits the multiethnic subject-making to examine in what ways the novel questions the premises of liberal multiculturalism. In this vein, this study suggests that Smith throws some significant light on the underside of holding multiple racial/ethnic identities while not bypassing its utopian possibilities. In case of the first-generation male characters, their crossracial/homosocial friendship becomes a platform for a mode of egalitarian belonging across the racial divide. It further implies a symbolic union between working-class white and nonwhite immigrant. The younger generation, in contrast, undergoes problems of racial, ethnic, cultural affiliations in far more complicated ways than the older one. Above all, White Teeth demonstrates the subtle workings of liberal multiculturalism, within which the younger characters are constructed to be a multiethnic subject in varied modes. It delineates the formation mainly by exploring the persisting legacies of Britain's imperial history that partake in their subject-making. The novel, in doing so, obliquely suggests that the younger generation is to confront the past that is a seminal part of their present life rather than have the freedom to throw it away to be a carefree member of a multicultural society.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제12권8호
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• pp.461-470
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• 2012

글로벌 시대에 접어들면서 세계 공용어인 영어의 필요성이 끈임 없이 논의되는 현재 상황에서 정부는 1997년 영어를 초등학교의 정규교과로 채택하였으며, 현재에 이르러서는 영어전담교사는 물론 원어민 영어 강사까지 배치하는 정책 변화가 있어 왔다. 또한 영어교육은 학교에서 뿐만 아니라 사설 기관 및 정부차원의 영어 관련 교육기관들이 생겨나기 시작하였으며, 2000년대 들어서는 지자체에서 영어교육의 관심이 증대되는 상황에 놓이게 되었다. 그런 현상들을 반영하여 나타난 것이 대표적으로 영어마을 이라 하겠다. 서울 경기지방을 비롯하여 거의 모든 지방자치단체에서 각 지역에 맞는 영어마을을 직접운영하거나 민간업자에게 위탁 경영하고 있는 실정이다. 여러지방에서 이루어지고 있는 영어체험센터 및 영어마을들이 어떻게 운영되고 있는지 알아볼 필요가 있고 또한 영어체험 센터를 수료한 학생들의 성취도등을 선행연구로 조사해 보고자 한다. 연구 방법은 현재 운영중인 영어마을, 그리고 체험센터에서 실시하는 프로그램을 분석함으로써 그들의 효과를 알아보았다. 프로그램을 분석한 결과로 대부분의 영어마을 체험센터는 나름대로 소정의 목적을 달성하고 있었다. 여기서는 분석 자료로 사용한 서울과 경기 부산 영어마을 그리고 전라남도 영어체험 프로그램의 자세한 내용과 그것들의 개선방안을 제시하는데 본 연구의 목적이 있다 하겠다.

• 인지과학
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.35-56
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• 2007

이 논문의 목표는 첫째, 고대, 중세, 현대 영어에 나타나는 수의적 주어 현상을 다양한 문헌에 기초하여 기술적으로 자세히 고찰하고 역사적 변화에 대한 동기를 살펴보며, 둘째, 최근 영어사 연구에서 큰 역할을 하고 있는 인지적 제약(constraints)에 기반하여 수의적 주어 현상의 역사적 변화에 대한 원리적인 설명을 하는 것이다. 영어사에서 두 유형의 주어 생략-영 주어(pro) 탈락과 등위절 주어-이 고대, 중세, 및 현대 영어에 나타났는데, 고대 영어는 풍부한 굴절 체계의 영향으로 영주어 탈락과 등위절 주어 생략이 다 같이 나타났고, 굴절이 많이 약화된 중세영어에는 여전히 이 두 현상이 나타났으나 발생정도가 점점 감소 추세였으며, 따라서 소유격과 대명사를 제외하고는 굴절이 상실된 현대 영어에서는 영주어 탈락과 등위절 주어 생략 그 자체가 거의 사라지게 되었다. 이 논문에서는 영어발달사적 관점에서 고대, 중세, 현대 영어의 주어 생략현상이 문법적 측면에서 세 가지 제약들의 위계(hierarchy) 변화로 발생하였고, 형태적 측면에서는 굴절체계의 변화로 발생하였음을 보였다.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제68권
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• pp.95-114
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• 2008

The recent growing popularity of statistical methods in machine translation requires much more large parallel corpora. A Korean-English parallel corpus, however, is not yet enoughly available, little research on this subject is being conducted. In this paper we present a hybrid method of aligning sentences for Korean-English parallel corpora. We use bilingual news wire web pages, reading comprehension materials for English learners, computer-related technical documents and help files of localized software for building a Korean-English parallel corpus. Our hybrid method combines sentence-length based and word-correspondence based methods. We show the results of experimentation and evaluate them. Alignment results from using a full translation model are very encouraging, especially when we apply alignment results to an SMT system: 0.66% for BLEU score and 9.94% for NIST score improvement compared to the previous method.

• 한국영어학회지:영어학
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.211-225
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• 2001

The prepositional object (PO) of an active sentence in English can sometimes be passivized, becoming the subject of the corresponding passive sentence. In particular, the verb (V) and preposition (P) in the English prepositional passive (P-Passive) are assumed to be reanalyzed to form a single structural unit, giving the status of a verbal object to the PO to be passivized. However, not every V+P sequence can undergo reanalysis, permitting the passivization of POs. Thus, we have to explain what licenses the reanalysis of V and p. resulting in an acceptable P-Passive sentence. In this paper, I will identify the factors which determine the passivization possibilities of POs and explain how they interact with one another. The results of this study will illustrate how formal and functional factors work together to form a major syntactic construction and to determine its grammaticality and acceptability.

• 음성과학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.97-112
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• 2000

This study examines how both English native speakers and Korean speakers realize the intonational tunes of English sentences when a sentence has two different meanings, through comparison of the utterances of the two groups of speakers. The results indicate that the English native speakers realize the difference in the meanings of given sentences in terms of differences in the boundary tones, as predicted in Pierrehumbert(1980) and Pierrehumbert & Hirschberg(l990), according to whom intonation is composed of a series of pitch accents, phrase tones, and boundary tones, and the meaning of a given sentence is delivered by the composition of the individual meanings of each component. The Korean speakers, however, fail to realize the difference in meaning with its boundary tones. Rather, they realize it by the number or positions of pitch accents and paralinguistic cues such as emotions and gestures. The Korean speakers, unlike the Americans, emphasize subject in sentences.

• 한국영어학회지:영어학
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.547-570
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• 2003

There are a fair number of suffixes in English whose conditions on attachment refer to stress and/or segmental information contained within the words they attach to (see Siegel 1974, Jespersen 1942 and Marchand 1969). Through a wide study of relevant data, we will delve deeply into such phonological restrictions on the bases, which may as well be divided into four distinct types: haplological constraints; segmental constraints; prosodic constraints; and mixed types. We will further assume here that the category/ subcategorization requirements of affixes are subject to the Projection Principle (PP) as conceived in Kiparsky (1983). It will be shown how this PP interacts with phonological constraints placed upon the affix in question, especially in the treatment of-ful (inventful/mournful) or -en (longen/lengthen). Our account of problematic affixations in English is based on a number of violable constraints in OT.

• 한국산학기술학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국산학기술학회 2006년도 추계학술발표논문집
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• pp.102-105
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• 2006

Under the current wave of globalization, engineering programs in Korea are determined to adopt an Accreditation System for Engineering Education, which is inevitable to acquire competitiveness in the world market. To meet the needs of engineering students to pursue their career as internationally qualified engineer, a development of tailored English course for them is needed. I tried to develop a Technical English syllubus as an ESP(English for specific purpose) course for engineering students based on the job description provided by O'NET(Occupational Information Network). O'NET describes and defines what kinds of abilities are needed for various workers, including engineers. Mechanical Engineer type is selected for research and 17 abilities are listed to be the most needed abilities which are over 50% in importance score and 6 language related abilities are listed among them, which shows the importance of language abilities in the engineering job sites.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.117-137
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• 2003

This paper attempts to provide an alternative analysis involving categorical issues related to English gerunds. Especially, this paper rejects Maulof's approach that creates a new syntactic category gerund by mixing nominal and verbal categories. This paper identifies two syntactic structures in English gerunds: nominal gerunds and verbal gerunds. This distinction is based on syntactic and semantic characteristics of each type and is intended to account for the external distribution and endocentricity of the construction. Treating verbal gerunds syntactically as verbal categories, this paper proposes that English verbal gerunds act like other verbal categories such as infinitives whereas nominal gerunds behaves much like derived nominals. This paper proposes a few lexical rules that can take care of the two types of gerunds. The proposal can be extended to prepositional complements as well as sentential subject positions. This proposal not only resolves the issues involving distributional properties of the gerund construction but also captures syntactic parallelism observable between gerunds and other verbal constructions in English.