• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.466-477
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• 2023

The increasing demand for high-performance energy storage systems has highlighted the limitations of conventional Li-ion batteries (LIBs), particularly regarding safety and energy density. All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) have emerged as a promising next-generation energy storage system, offering the potential to address these issues. By employing nonflammable solid electrolytes and utilizing high-capacity electrode materials, ASSBs have demonstrated improved safety and energy density. Automotive and energy storage industries, in particular, have recognized the significance of advancing ASSB technology. Although the use of Li metal as ASSB anode is promising due to its high theoretical capacity and the expectation that Li dendrites will not form in solid electrolytes, persistent problems with Li dendrite formation during cycling remain. Therefore, the exploration of novel high-performance anode materials for ASSBs is highly important. Recent research has focused extensively on alloy-based anodes for ASSBs, owing to their advantages of no dendrite formation and high-energy density. This study provides a comprehensive review of the latest advancements and challenges associated with alloy-based anodes for ASSBs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.1488-1495
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of post-harvest storage duration and wheat variety on the digestibility and energy content of new season wheat fed to finishing pigs. Two wheat varieties (Shi and Zhong) were harvested in 2013 and stored in the warehouse of the Fengning Pig Experimental Base at China Agricultural University for 3, 6, 9, or 12 mo. For each storage period, 12 barrows were placed in metabolism crates and allotted to diets containing 1 of the 2 wheat varieties in a randomized complete block design. The experimental diets contained 97.34% wheat and 2.66% of a vitamin and trace mineral premix. With an extension of storage duration from 3 mo to 12 mo, the gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) of the wheat decreased by 2.0% and 12.01%, respectively, while the concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and starch content increased by 30.26%, 19.08%, and 2.46%, respectively. Total non-starch polysaccharide, total arabinose, total xylose and total mannose contents decreased by 46.27%, 45.80%, 41.71%, and 75.66%, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in the chemical composition between the two wheat varieties with the exception of ADF which was approximately 13.37% lower in Shi. With an extension of storage duration from 3 mo to 12 mo, the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) content and the apparent total tract digestibility of GE, CP, dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, ADF and metabolizability of energy in wheat decreased linearly (p<0.01) by 5.74%, 7.60%, 3.75%, 3.88%, 3.50%, 2.47%, 26.22%, 27.62%, and 3.94%, respectively. But the digestibility of NDF changed quadratically (p<0.01). There was an interaction between wheat variety and storage time for CP digestibility (p<0.05), such that the CP digestibility of variety Zhong was stable during 9 mo of storage, while the CP digestibility of variety Shi decreased (p<0.05). In conclusion, the GE, DE, and ME of wheat was stable during the first 3 to 6 mo of post-harvest storage, and decreased during the following 6 to 12 mo of storage under the conditions of this study.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.1172-1179
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• 2020

As a Lagrangian particle method, Moving Particle Semi-implicit (MPS) method has great capability to capture interface/surface. In recent years, the multiphase flow simulation using MPS method has become one of the important directions of its developments. In this study, some key methods for multiphase flow have been introduced. The interface tension model in multiphase flow is modified to maintain the smooth of the interface and suitable for the three-phase flow. The mass transfer at immiscible liquid interface entrained by single bubble which could occur in Molten Core-Concrete Interaction (MCCI) has been investigated using this particle method. With the increase of bubble size, the height of entrainment column also increases, but the time of film rupture is slightly different. With the increase of density ratio between the two liquids, the height of entrained column decreases significantly due to the decreasing buoyancy of the denser liquid in the lighter liquid. In addition, the larger the interface tension coefficient is, the more rapidly the entrained denser liquid falls. This study validates that the MPS method has shown great performance for multiphase flow simulation. Besides, the influence of physical parameters on the mass transfer at immiscible interface has also been investigated in this study.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.52 no.10
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• pp.2196-2203
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• 2020

A dryout mechanism model for rectangular narrow channels at high pressure conditions is developed by assuming that the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability triggered the occurrence of dryout. This model combines the advantages of theoretical analysis and empirical correlation. The unknown coefficients in the theoretical derivation are supported by the experimental data. Meanwhile, the decisive restriction of the experimental conditions on the applicability of the empirical correlation is avoided. The expression of vapor phase velocity at the time of dryout is derived, and the empirical correlation of liquid film thickness is introduced. Since the CHF value obtained from the liquid film thickness should be the same as the value obtained from the Kelvin-Helmholtz critical stability under the same condition, the convergent CHF value is obtained by iteratively calculating. Comparing with the experimental data under the pressure of 6.89-13.79 MPa, the average error of the model is -15.4% with the 95% confidence interval [-20.5%, -10.4%]. And the pressure has a decisive influence on the prediction accuracy of this model. Compared with the existing dryout code, the calculation speed of this model is faster, and the calculation accuracy is improved. This model, with great portability, could be applied to different objects and working conditions by changing the expression of the vapor phase velocity when the dryout phenomenon is triggered and the calculation formula of the liquid film.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.10
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• pp.3217-3228
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• 2021

Flow blockage of the fuel assembly in the lead-based fast reactor (LFR) may produce critical local spots, which will result in cladding failure and threaten reactor safety. In this study, the flow blockage characteristics were analyzed with the sub-channel analysis method, and the circumferentially-varied method was employed for considering the non-uniform distribution of circumferential temperature. The developed sub-channel analysis code SACOS-PB was validated by a heat transfer experiment in a blocked 19-rod bundle cooled by lead-bismuth eutectic. The deviations between the predicted coolant temperature and experimental values are within ±5%, including small and large flow blockage scenarios. And the temperature distributions of the fuel rod could be better simulated by the circumferentially-varied method for the small blockage scenario. Based on the validated code, the analysis of blockage characteristics was conducted. It could be seen from the temperature and flow distributions that a large blockage accident is more destructive compared with a small one. The sensitivity analysis shows that the closer the blockage location is to the exit, the more dangerous the accident is. Similarly, a larger blockage length will lead to a more serious case. And a higher exit temperature will be generated resulting from a higher peak coolant temperature of the blocked region. This work could provide a reference for the future design and development of the LFR.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.405-412
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• 2019

Objective: This experiment was conducted to determine the chemical composition, digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents of corn germ meals (CGM) and to develop equations to predict the corresponding energy contents based on the chemical characteristics of individual CGM. Methods: Sixty-six barrows (initial body weight = $51.3{\pm}4.6kg$) were allotted to 11 diets including a basal diet and 10 CGM test diets in a completely randomized design. In the test diets, CGM was included in replacement of 30% of the energy-providing ingredients in the basal diet, resulting in a final inclusion rate of 29.1%. Each diet was fed to 6 barrows housed in individual metabolism crates for a 7-d acclimation period followed by a 5-d total but separate collection of feces and urine. Results: Considerable variation was observed in acid-hydrolyzed ether extract, ether extract, ash, calcium (Ca) and total phosphorus contents among the CGM samples. On dry matter (DM) basis, the DE and ME contents of the CGM ranged from 10.22 to 15.83 MJ/kg and from 9.94 to 15.43 MJ/kg, respectively. The acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents were negatively correlated with the DE and ME contents of CGM samples. The best-fit prediction equations for the DE and ME values (MJ/kg DM) of the 10 CGM were: DE = 26.85-0.28 insoluble dietary fiber (%)-17.79 Ca (%); ME = 21.05-0.43 ADF (%)-11.40 Ca (%). Conclusion: The chemical compositions of CGM vary depending on sources, particularly in ether extract and Ca. The DE and ME values of CGM can be predicted based on their chemical composition in growing pigs.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.8
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• pp.3117-3129
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• 2022

Deeply understanding the phase change of thin liquid sodium film inside wick pore is very important for further studying high-temperature sodium heat pipe's heat transfer. For the first time, the evaporation and condensation of thin liquid sodium film are investigated by the Lennard-Jones potential of molecular dynamics. Based on the startup and normal operation of the sodium heat pipe, three different cases are simulated. First, the equilibrium is achieved and the Mass Accommodation Coefficients of the three cases are 0.3886, 0.2119, 0.2615 respectively. Secondly, the non-equilibrium is built. The change of liquid film thickness, the number of gas atoms, the net evaporation flux (J_net), the heat transfer coefficient (h) at the liquid-gas interface are acquired. Results indicate that the magnitude of the J_net and the h increase with the basic equilibrium temperature. In 520-600 K (the startup of the heat pipe), the h has approached 5-6 W m^-2 K^-1 while liquid film thickness is in 11-13 nm. The fact shows that during the initial startup of the sodium heat pipe, the thermal resistance at the liquid-gas interface can't be negligible. This work is the complement and extension for macroscopic investigation of heat transfer inside sodium heat pipe. It can provide a reference for further numerical simulation and optimal design of the sodium heat pipe in the future.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.858-864
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• 2017

This study aims to restrain free conducting wire-type particles which are commonly and dangerously existing within DC gas-insulated transmission lines. A realistic platform of a coaxial cylindrical electrode was established by using a high-speed camera and a partial discharge (PD) monitor to observe the motion, PD, and breakdown of these particles. The probabilities of standing or bouncing, which can be affected by the length of the particles, were also quantitatively examined. The corona images of the particles were recorded, and particle-triggered PD signals were monitored and extracted. Breakdown images were also obtained. The air-gap breakdown with the particles was subjected to mechanism analysis on the basis of stream theory. Results reveal that the lifting voltage of the wire particles is almost irrelevant to their length but is proportional to the square root of their radius. Short particles correspond to high bouncing probability. The intensity and frequency of PD and the micro-discharge gap increase as the length of the particles increases. The breakdown voltage decreases as the length of the particles decreases.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.1912-1931
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• 2018

In future wireless network, user experience and energy efficiency will play more and more important roles in the communication systems compared to their roles at present. Quality of experience (QoE) and Energy Efficiency (EE) become the widely used metrics. In this paper, we study a combinatorial problem of QoE and EE and investigate a fair power allocation in heterogeneous networks. We first design a new metric, QoE-aware EE (QEE) to reflect the relationship of QoE and energy. Then, the concept of Utopia QEE is introduced, which is defined as the achievable maximum QEE in ideal conditions, for each user. Finally, we transform the power allocation process to an optimization of ratio of QEE and Utopia QEE and use invasive weed optimization (IWO) algorithm to solve the optimization problem. Numerical simulation results indicate that the proposed algorithm can get converged and efficiently improve the system energy efficiency and the QoE for each user.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.32-36
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• 1988

The isotherms of oxygen chemisorption on polycrystaline nickel surface are obtained at various temperatures between 298K and 523K from intensity measurernent of O 1s xps peaks, and the activation energy of the chemisorption is estimated as a function of the coverage. The activation energy extrapolated to zero coverage is found to be -5.9 kJ/mol. The negative activation energy can be taken as a strong implication of the propriety of a currently accepted chemisorption model, in which molecularly adsorbed precursor state is assumed to exist. The residence time of this precursor state is estimated by assuming a molecularly physisorbed state for the precursor state and assuming a pairwise interaction energy of Lennard-Jones 12-6 potential between an admolecule and each substrate nickel atom. The sticking coefficients are also calculated from the isotherms. The calculated results agree well with those obtained by others with different methods.