• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.280-291
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• 2018

In the framework of OECD/NEA Working Group on Fuel Safety, a RIA fuel-rod-code Benchmark Phase I was organized in 2010-2013. It consisted of four experiments on highly irradiated fuel rodlets tested under different experimental conditions. This benchmark revealed the need to better understand the basic models incorporated in each code for realistic simulation of the complicated integral RIA tests with high burnup fuel rods. A second phase of the benchmark (Phase II) was thus launched early in 2014, which has been organized in two complementary activities: (1) comparison of the results of different simulations on simplified cases in order to provide additional bases for understanding the differences in modelling of the concerned phenomena; (2) assessment of the uncertainty of the results. The present paper provides a summary and conclusions of the second activity of the Benchmark Phase II, which is based on the input uncertainty propagation methodology. The main conclusion is that uncertainties cannot fully explain the difference between the code predictions. Finally, based on the RIA benchmark Phase-I and Phase-II conclusions, some recommendations are made.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 2015

This study has aimed to compare an emission trading system (ETS) in the EU and Japan that introduced the scheme prior to Korea and provided the latter with a benchmarking model. Especially, the EU has a reputation for its well-organized and evolving system, and Japan has also successfully established the system despite its similar condition with Korea, such as an industrial structure and the degree of energy dependence. However, there are noticeable differences between the EU and Japan in their ETS. Whereas Japan has focused on securing certifications in CDM as the implementation of Kyoto protocol, EU has shown a tendency to transform the trading market from a parallel structure of EUA and CER transaction to only the EUA transaction after ending of 1st commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol. Since the differences were mainly caused by not only in a design of the system but also in internal governance and their national circumstance, it is meaningful to analyse the Korean case with a similar framework. This study may contribute to designing an appropriate system for emission trading in Korea through the comparison of the EU and Japanese case.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.3 no.9
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• pp.279-292
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• 2014

Energy aware server cluster aims to reduce power consumption at maximum while keeping QoS(quality of service) as much as energy non-aware server cluster. In the existing methods of energy aware server cluster, they calculate the minimum number of active servers needed to handle current user requests and control server power mode in a fixed time interval to make only the needed servers ON. When loads change rapidly, QoS of the existing methods become degraded because they cannot increase the number of active servers so quickly. To solve this QoS problem, we classify load change situations into five types of rapid growth, growth, normal, decline, and rapid decline, and apply five different thresholds respectively in calculating the number of active servers. Also, we use a flexible scheme to adjust the above classification criterion for multi threshold, considering not only load change but also the remaining capacity of servers to handle user requests. We performed experiments with a cluster of 15 servers. A special benchmarking tool called SPECweb was used to generate load patterns with rapid change. Experimental results showed that QoS of the proposed method is improved up to the level of energy non-aware server cluster and power consumption is reduced up to about 50 percent, depending on the load pattern.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 2003

Tension tests of six half-thickness concrete containment wall elements were conducted as a part of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) program. The aim of the KAERI test program is to provide a test-verified analytical method for estimating capacities of concrete reactor containment buildings under internal overpressurization from postulated degraded core accidents. The data from the tests reported herein should be useful for benchmarking analytical method that require modeling of material behavior including concrete cracking behavior and reinforcement/concrete interaction exhibited by the test. Major test variable is compressive strength of concrete, and its effect on the behavior of prestressed concrete panel subjected to biaxial tension is investigated.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.783-795
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• 2017

This study measured consumer's recognition, reliability, emotion and images about current eco-marks as well proposed an eco-mark rating scale and mark designs to improve consumer's trust on the fashion product marks. We used a questionnaire survey to collect data from 150 persons about knowledge, interests, and practice on eco fashion products in relation to trustfulness and positive images for three domestic and three international eco-marks. We evaluated and gave eco scores to six fiber-type products (cotton, organic cotton, wool, polyester, biodegradable polyester and nylon) in terms of consumer's use, water & land consumption, waste amount, carbon footprint, and toxicity. We suggested a new 5-level rating scale for eco marks, which quantified the concept of environmental friendliness of fiber products. The design for eco-mark of rating scale showed the total grade with two sub scores of environmental sides and human sides developed with an improved visual understanding for consumers. The design is one through benchmarking the energy-consumption efficiency mark, which is familiar to consumers such as a half circle shape to save environment resources to alarm consumers to environment problems.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.173-182
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• 2020

Since 2000, Korea has seen a big trend in the market, as the EU tightened regulations on environment due to global warming, high oil prices and aging rural population distribution, strengthening the need for multi-purpose electric moto vehicles for small farmers based on eco-friendly energy. Multi-purpose electric motor vehicles for rural small businesses will be a very innovative means of transportation, not only maintained at a low cost and to reduce greenhouse gases through the activation of eco-friendly energy, but also be a very innovative means of transportation for reducing the labor intensity of the aging farming industry and transporting night work and logistics. In this paper, with the implementation of eco-friendly energy policies, small and medium-sized rural small business owners can easily operate on unpaved roads and well-drawn farming environments, while the intensity of labor can be reduced when transporting crops also can simply replace parts at a low cost in the event of an accident. To propose rural multi-purpose modular electric vehicles, the existing literature is reviewed and 12 modular parts are presented by benchmarking electric vehicles at home and abroad. This paper is thought to be helpful for the research of the industry as well as the design industry of modular electric vehicles.

• The Journal of Sustainable Design and Educational Environment Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2018

The aims of this research are investigating and analysing background, enforcement situation, distinct features and current status of green schools which have been conducted by the government targeting decrepit schools. Based on this investigation and analysis the solution for vitalizing green schools will be sought because green schools are more effective in reducing energy and greenhouse gas and they are more appropriate methods for schools. With internal and external literature reviews the concept and background of overseas green school policies and their similarities and differences are analyzed. Based on the investigation into current status of green schools in Korea and eco-schools and super eco-schools in Japan which are benchmarking objects of green schools project in Korea the problems and outcomes of green schools in Korea are diagnosed. By analyzing cases of eco-schools and super eco-schools in Japan implications for introducing to Korea are considered. Based on the aforementioned researches this study suggests the improvement plan for vitalizing green schools project and similar projects.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.187-206
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• 2019

After reviewing the concept and previous studies related to green ports, this study analyzes the implications of green port policy of advanced ports in foreign countries and analyzes problems in terms of environmentally-friendly green port policy for Ulsan port, and to present sustainable green logistics establishment measures. The literature survey and Benchmarking methods are adopted as research methodology and the results are as follows. First, the pan-government climate change response management system, legislation of relevant laws, implementation of fiscal support policies, and roadmaps should be established. Second, the foundation for eco-friendly green growth should be established through the discovery of business models in conjunction with leading industries in the Southeastern Metropolitan Economic Area. Third, the Ulsan Port Greenport, such as AMP, in-port LNG propulsion ship, and ESI vessel incentive, should be built. Fourth, a low-carbon, high-efficiency sea-shuttle service shall be established through the introduction of the sea-shuttle service along the sea route. Fifth, energy self-reliant ports, including all institutions in the metropolitan Ulsan port area that have exceeded the level of Ulsan port Authority, should be built. Finally, water-type ports need to be built through the creation of coastal forests, the purification of marine water quality, and the introduction of colors to port.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.283-293
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• 2002

Purpose : A PC based brachytherapy planning system was developed to display dose distributions on simulation images by 2D isodose curve including the dose profiles, dose-volume histogram and 30 dose distributions. Materials and Methods : Brachytherapy dose planning software was developed especially for the Ir-192 source, which had been developed by KAERI as a substitute for the Co-60 source. The dose computation was achieved by searching for a pre-computed dose matrix which was tabulated as a function of radial and axial distance from a source. In the computation process, the effects of the tissue scattering correction factor and anisotropic dose distributions were included. The computed dose distributions were displayed in 2D film image including the profile dose, 3D isodose curves with wire frame forms and dosevolume histogram. Results : The brachytherapy dose plan was initiated by obtaining source positions on the principal plane of the source axis. The dose distributions in tissue were computed on a $200\times200\;(mm^2)$ plane on which the source axis was located at the center of the plane. The point doses along the longitudinal axis of the source were $4.5\~9.0\%$ smaller than those on the radial axis of the plane, due to the anisotropy created by the cylindrical shape of the source. When compared to manual calculation, the point doses showed $1\~5\%$ discrepancies from the benchmarking plan. The 2D dose distributions of different planes were matched to the same administered isodose level in order to analyze the shape of the optimized dose level. The accumulated dose-volume histogram, displayed as a function of the percentage volume of administered minimum dose level, was used to guide the volume analysis. Conclusion : This study evaluated the developed computerized dose planning system of brachytherapy. The dose distribution was displayed on the coronal, sagittal and axial planes with the dose histogram. The accumulated DVH and 3D dose distributions provided by the developed system may be useful tools for dose analysis in comparison with orthogonal dose planning.