• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.283.1-283.1
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• 2002

The adverse health effects on humans and domestic and wildlife species by exposing to environmental contaminants. which interact with the endocrine system. have he en treated as an important issue without hesitation throughout the 1990s. The chemicals with practical and/or potential interfering actions with the endocrine system functions are called endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). (omitted)

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.146-150
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• 2020

Background: The incidence of precocious puberty has increased throughout the 20th century. The association between precocious puberty and endocrine disrupting chemicals including agricultural pesticides has been a subject of global study, but human data are lacking. Purpose: We investigated the relationship between agricultural pesticides and the development of precocious puberty. Methods: We enrolled 60 female subjects at Severance Children's Hospital from December 2015 to January 2017. Of them, 30 were diagnosed with precocious puberty, while the other 30 prepubertal girls were enrolled as normal controls. We investigated their clinical characteristics and analyzed the urinary levels of 320 different agricultural pesticides. Results: Agricultural pesticide was detected in one of 30 patients with precocious puberty (3.3%) versus 2 of 30 girls in the normal control group (3.3% vs. 6.7%, P=0.554). Dinotefuran, a neonicotinoid-class insecticide, was detected in the samples of all 3 positive subjects. Conclusion: Our results showed no relationship between agricultural pesticides and the development of precocious puberty. Larger sample sizes and robustly controlled variables are necessary to further investigate this topic.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.10
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• pp.1351-1360
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• 2023

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are compounds that disturb hormonal homeostasis by binding to receptors. EDCs are metabolized through hepatic enzymes, causing altered transcriptional activities of hormone receptors, and thus necessitating the exploration of the potential endocrine-disrupting activities of EDC-derived metabolites. Accordingly, we have developed an integrative workflow for evaluating the post-metabolic activity of potential hazardous compounds. The system facilitates the identification of metabolites that exert hormonal disruption through the integrative application of an MS/MS similarity network and predictive biotransformation based on known hepatic enzymatic reactions. As proof-of-concept, the transcriptional activities of 13 chemicals were evaluated by applying the in vitro metabolic module (S9 fraction). Identified among the tested chemicals were three thyroid hormone receptor (THR) agonistic compounds that showed increased transcriptional activities after phase I+II reactions (T3, 309.1 ± 17.3%; DITPA, 30.7 ± 1.8%; GC-1, 160.6 ± 8.6% to the corresponding parents). The metabolic profiles of these three compounds showed common biotransformation patterns, particularly in the phase II reactions (glucuronide conjugation, sulfation, GSH conjugation, and amino acid conjugation). Data-dependent exploration based on molecular network analysis of T3 profiles revealed that lipids and lipid-like molecules were the most enriched biotransformants. The subsequent subnetwork analysis proposed 14 additional features, including T4 in addition to 9 metabolized compounds that were annotated by prediction system based on possible hepatic enzymatic reaction. The other 10 THR agonistic negative compounds showed unique biotransformation patterns according to structural commonality, which corresponded to previous in vivo studies. Our evaluation system demonstrated highly predictive and accurate performance in determining the potential thyroid-disrupting activity of EDC-derived metabolites and for proposing novel biotransformants.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.297-304
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• 2011

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of "brominated" (bromine containing) man-made chemicals used as flame retardant additives in plastics, foams, and textiles. PBDEs are found in various environmental contaminants in air, soil, sediment, and water, and 209 individual forms (congeners) of PBDE exist. Among these, 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) is the dominant congener found in the environment. Exposure to BDE-47 is now worldwide, and levels of BDE-47 have been detected in the blood of animals, including humans. BDE-47 can adversely affect the developmental system in both humans and animals. BDEs have structural similarities to polychlorinated biphenyls and thyroid hormones. However, recent studies have shown that BDEs may act as hormonal disrupting chemicals with detrimental effects. Therefore, a reliable assessment of BDE-47 toxicological action is required to understand the detrimental impacts of BDE-47 on human health. In this review, we overview recent studies on the distribution and potential toxicological effects of BDE-47 in humans and animals.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.51-55
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• 2003

Benzo(a)pyrene and bisphenol A have been classified as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which have been of concern in toxicology and environmental sciences. Benzo(a)pyrene and bisphenol A were monitored by HPLC or GC-MS in Baekwoon and Ilwirl lakes of Kyonggi-Do province to investigate contamination levels of EDCs. During the period between June, 2000 and August, 2000, water samples were collected from four different sites of each lake once per month. Contamination levels of benzo(a)pyrene were 3.27~4.25 ppb in Ilwirl lake and 2.00~2.33 ppb in Baekwoon lake, respectively. Bisphenol A levels were detected with the range of 0.33~7.94 and 0.43~4.71 for Baekwoon lake and Ilwirl lake, respectively. pH levels were higher in Ilwirl lake than in Baekwoon lake, where the contamination was relatively lower. These data suggest that lakes in Kyonggi-Do province could be contaminated with EDCs and be subjected to the routine monitoring and water quality control.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Toocicology Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.145-145
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• 2003

A method for the determination of alkylphenols, chlorophenols and bisphenol A in paper materials using GC/MS-SIM has been developed. Eleven endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) of phenols in paper samples were extracted with acetonitrile. Also, solid-phase extraction (SPE) with XAD-4 and subsequent conversion to isobutoxycarbonyl derivatives or tert.-butyldimethylsilyl derivatives for sensitive analysis with the selected ion-monitoring (SIM) mode. The recoveries were 82.4∼108.8 % by area ratio of pheranthrene-d$\sub$10/ vs bisphenol A d$\sub$l6/. (isoBOC derivatization and TBDMS derivatization) The SIM responses were linear with the correlation coefficient varying 0.9717∼0.9995 (isoBOC derivatization), and 0.9842∼0.9980 (TBDMS derivatization). The range of concentrations was respectively, 0.95∼l.44 ng/g in 2,4-dichlorophenol, 1.01∼1.17 ng/g in t-butylphenol, 2.17∼5.84 ng/g in pentachlorophenol, 12.68∼14.88 ng/g in nonylphenol and 30.84∼153.72 ng/g in bisphenol A.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.659-664
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• 2007

The objective of this study is to evaluate the detoxification method for the endocrine disrupting chemicals by manganese oxide. Manganese coated sand and bisphenol-A (BPA) was used as the reactive medium and the contaminant. Results showed that manganese oxide effectively degrades BPA by oxidative coupling reaction. The nonlinear oxidative coupling reaction orders were obtained for BPA and oxide, respectively. The reaction rate of BPA decreased as initial BPA concentration increased, as oxide loading decreased and as pH increased. The higher ionic strength, the higher reaction rate was observed. Divalent cations were adsorbed on the oxide surfaces, resulting in the decreased degradation rate of BPA.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1-5
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• 2002

Drosophila Kc cells are ecdysone-responsive : hormone treatment leads rapidly to increased synthesis of several ecdysone-inducible polypeptides (EIPs) and to commitment to eventual proloferative arrest. Later the treated cells undergo morphological transformation, cease to proliferate and to grow. These responses have proven useful as models for studying ecdysone action and environmental endocrine disrupting actions. In this study, we used 20-HE to check out the Kc cells properties to the ecdysone and this properties will be applied to the environmental chemicals to find out the endocrine disrupting action in ecosystem. The cell counts of cultures harvested after 3 days' growth in the presence of 20-hydroxyecdysone. In Kc cell cultures, there were statistically significant different from control cells at 20HE 10/sup 7/-10/sup 5/. The morphological effects of all the hormones were similar, differing only in the dose level at which they were initiated.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.7
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• pp.718-725
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• 2006

The pubertal activation of gonadotrophin releasing hormone(GnRH) requires coordinated changes in excitatory or inhibitory amino acids, growth factors, and a group of transcriptional regulators. The age of onset of puberty is progressing to younger age. Factors affecting early puberty include genetic traits, nutrition(body fat) and exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals. In rapidly progressing central precocious puberty, gonadotrophin releasing hormone(GnRH) agonists(GnRHa) appear to increase final height if treated early stage. Further large scaled long-term follow-up study of the effects of GnRHa on final height is needed.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.115-133
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• 1998

Recently public concerns about the endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) have resulted in the increased legistrative and regulatory attentions in many countries. Endocrine disrupter is an exogeneous chemical interfering the synthesis, transport binding, action or elimination of natural hormones in the body, which are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis, reproduction, development and/or behavior. Reported possible harmful effects on human and animal lives, possible developmental anomalities, reproductive malfunctions and behaviors, and the ways of EDC accumulation in animal kingdom are reviewed. The current scientific papers and knowledges on the global contamination of EDCs demonstrates the conclusive data that EDCs have the potentials to cause the calamitous extermination of human and animal species by the global contamination.