• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.294-298
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• 2003

Endocrine-disrupting phenolic compounds in the water were degraded by laccase from Trametes sp. followed by activated sludge treatment. The effect of temperature on the degradation of phenolic compounds and the production of organic compounds were investigated using endocrine-disrupting chemicals such as bisphenol A, 2.4-dichlorophenol, and diethyl phthalate. Bisphenol A and 2.4-dichlorophenol disappeared completely after the laccase treatment, but no disappearance of diethyl phthalate was observed. The Michaelis-Menten type equation was proposed to represent the degradation rate of bisphenol A by the lacasse under various temperatures. After the laccase treatment of endocrine-disrupting chemicals, the activated sludge treatment was attempted and it could convert about 85 and 75% of organic compounds produced from bisphenol A and 2.4-dichlorophenol into H$_2$O and CO$_2$, respectively.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.395-399
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• 2000

Five different freeze-dried recombinant bioluminescent bacteria were used for the detection of cellular stresses caused by endocrine disrupting chemicals. These strains were DPD2794 (recA::luxCDABE), which is sensitive to DNA damage, DPD2540 (fabA::luxCDABE), sensitive to cellular membrane damage, DPD2511 (katG::luxCDABE), sensitive to oxidative damage, and TV1061 (grpE::luxCDABE), sensitive to protein damage. GC2, which emits bioluminescence constitutively, was also used in this study. The toxicity of several chemicals was measured using GC2. Damage caused by known endocrine disrupting chemicals, such as nonyl phenol, bisphenol A, and styrene, was detected and classified according to toxicity mode, while others, such as phathalate and DDT, were not detected with the bacteria. These results suggest that endocrine disrupting chemicals are toxic in bacteria, and do not act via an estrogenic effect, and that toxicity monitoring and classification of some endocrine disrupting chemicals may be possible in the field using these freeze-dried recombinant bioluminescent bacteria.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.237-243
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• 2010

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been shown to interfere with physiological systems, i.e., adversely affecting hormone balance (endocrine system), or disrupting normal function, in the female and male reproductive organs. Although endocrine disruption is a global concern for human health, its impact and significance and the screening strategy for detecting these synthetic or man-made chemicals are not clearly understood in female and male reproductive functions. Thus, in this review, we summarize the interference of environmental EDCs on reproductive development and function, and toxicological mechanism(s) of EDCs in in vitro and in vivo models of male and female reproductive system. In addition, this review highlights the effect of exposure to multiple EDCs on reproductive functions, and brings attention to their toxicological mechanism(s) through estrogen receptors.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.407-412
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• 2000

Environmental biosensors and related techniques for monitoring organochlorines, endocrine disrupting chemicals and cyanobacterial toxins are described. The practical requirements for an ideal environmental biosensor are analyzed. Specific case studies for environmental applications are reported for triazines, chlorinated phenols, PCBs, microcystins, and endocrine disrupting chemicals. A new promising approach is reported for microcystins and alkylphenols that utilize electrooptical detection.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.211-218
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• 2007

Based on the Benzoflex (Vesicol Chemical Co.) as PVC plasticizer substituents for Di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP), a series of new aromatic carboxylic acid ester compounds were designed as plasticizers, synthesized, and screened for the endocrine disrupting activity. 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid (1) and 2-methoxybenzoic acid (2) as the commercially available starting materials were reacted with diethylene glycol (3) in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid using Dean-Stark column to give diethylene glycol di-(2-hydroxy)benzoate (4, KH01) and diethylene glycol di-(2-methoxy)benzoate (5, KH02), respectively. And diethylene glycol di-(3-pyridinyl) ester (7, KH03) and dipropylene glycol di-(3-pyridinyl) ester (9, KH04) were obtained in high yields by treatment of nicotinoyl chloride (6) with diethylene glycol (3) and dipropylene glycol (8) in the presence of triethylamine as a base. To determine the estrogenic disrupting effect of new synthetic phthalate analogues, E-screen assay method was used. Of these compounds, 4 (KH01) was found to be compound without endocrine disrupting effect.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.52-61
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• 2005

Transcript profiling is a particularly valuable tool in the field of steroid receptor biology, as these receptors are ligand-activated transcription factors and therefore exert their initial effects through altering gene expression in responsive cells. Also, an awareness of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and their potential screening methods to identify endocrine activity have been increased. Here we developed an in-house cDNA microarray, named KISTCHIP-400 ver. 1.0, with 416 clones, based on public database and research papers. These clones contained estrogen, androgen, thyroid hormone & receptors, sex hormone signal transduction & regulation, c-fos, c-myc, ps2 gene, metabolism related genes etc. Also, to validate the KISTCHIP-400 ver. 1.0, we investigated gene expression profiles with reference hormones, $10^{8}\;M\;17{\beta}-estradiol,\;10^{-7}\;M\;testosterone\;and\;10^{-7}\;M$ progesterone in MCF-7 cell line. As the results, gene expression profiles of three reference hormones were distinguished from each other with significant and identified 33 $17{\beta}-estradiol$ responsive genes. This study is in first step of validation for KISTCHIP-400 ver. 1.0, as following step transcriptional profile analysis on not only low concentrations of EDCs but suspected EDCs using KISTCHIP-400 ver. 1.0 is processing. Our results indicate that the developed microarray may be a useful laboratory tool for screening EDCs and elucidating endocrine disrupting mechanism.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Health Society Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.279-285
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• 2005

Endocrine disrupting effects of four pharmaceutical products were evaluated with fish. The test pharmaceuticals, i.e., sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethazine, oxytetracycline and tetracycline have been often detected in aquatic environment, but their ecological hazard on receptors of various trophic levels has seldom been evaluated. In the present study, we conducted acute toxicity assays with a fish, Japanese medake (Oryziα lαtipes). The vitellogenin induced in female fish normally, but a endocrine disrupting chemical could give effects even male fish. We have tried 4 pharmaceutic chemicals to find out the endocrine disrupting effects. Sulfamethoxazole 1, 0.5 ppm induced vitellogenin even at male Japanese medaka. Sulfamethazine 10, 5, 1 ppm could induced vitellogenin at male fish. Oxytetracycline 10, 5, 1ppm could induced vitellogenin With the fish. Tetracycline 10, 5 ppm could induced vitellogenin at male fish. Some pharmaceuticals such as sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethazine, oxytetracycline and tetracycline could give effects to male Oryzias latipes. They could induced vitellogenin under exposure range 0.5 ${\sim}$ 10 ppm of chemicals at male Oryzias latipes.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.193-198
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• 2023

Several chemicals have been developed owing to the progression of industrialization, among which endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs; essential for plastic production) are used as plasticizers and flame retardants. Plastics have become an essential element in modern life because they provide convenience, thus increasing EDCs exposure to humans. EDCs cause adverse effects such as deterioration of reproductive function, cancer, and neurological abnormalities by disrupting the endocrine system and hence are classified as "dangerous substances." Additionally, they are toxic to various organs but continue to be used. Therefore, it is necessary to review the contamination status of EDCs, select potentially hazardous substances for management, and monitor the safety standards. In addition, it is necessary to discover substances that can protect against EDC toxicity and conduct active research on the protective effects of these substances. According to recent research, Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) exhibits protective effects against several toxicities caused by EDCs to humans. In this review, the effects of EDCs on the human body and the role of KRG in protection against EDC toxicity are discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.128-128
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• 2002

In association with the international validation project to establish a test protocol for the "Enhanced OECD Test Guideline 407", we performed a 28-day repeated-dose toxicity study of vinclozolin (VCZ), an androgen antagonist, and ketoconazole (KCZ), a biosynthesis inhibitor of testosterone (T), and assessed the sensitivity of new parameters for detecting endocrine-related effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals.(omitted)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.1180-1186
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• 1999

A wide ranges of chemicals released into the environment have potential to interfere with physiological and development process by disrupting endocrine pathways. Endocrine system embraces a multitude of mechanisms of action, including effect on growth, behavior, reproduction and immune function. These environmental endocrine disruptors are present in environment and pose potential health consequences to human and wildlife. The best known form in endocrine distruptors involves substances which mimic or block the action of natural hormone in the body. Endocrine disruptor have been variously defined as exogenous agents that interfere with the synthesis, secretion, transport, metabolism, binding action or elimination of the natural hormones in the body which are responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis, reproduction developmental and/or behavior. Many compounds polluted into the environment by human activity are capable of disrupting the endocrine system of animals, including fish, wildlife, and humans. Among these chemicals are pesticides, industrial chemicals, and other anthropogenic products. It has been alleged that several adverse effects on human health are linked with exposure to chemicals which are claimed to be endocrine disrupters, that is, increased incidence of testicular, prostate and female breast cancer, time dependent reductions in sperm quality and quantity, increased incidence of cryptorchidism (undescended testicles) and hypospadias(malformation of the penis), altered physical and mental de velopment in children. This observation is currently the only example of chemically mediated endocrine disruption which has resulted in a clear effect at the population level.