• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.39-49
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• 2015

Thus this study looked into existing literature focusing on generalities, and after literature studies, hypothesis was set up to solve the problems in the study. According to literature examination, self employed consulting was found to be comprised of four areas: awareness, reliability, satisfaction, and utilization, while consulting could be divided into four customer perspectives: customer, financial, internal processing, and learning and growth. An empirical study was conducted to verify the causal relationship between these causes, and we describe the findings of the study on the business management performance pursuant to self employed business consulting as follows: In this study, we examine an overall business management performance measurement by adopting the four variables of self employed business consulting, and enhance the chance of success by having systematic access to business establishment. In conclusion, in order to increase the success rate of the small business start-up, it is important to choose such items that fit the founder's experience and the characteristics of the business zone, and a successful founding of a business will be accomplished only when sufficient funding is combined with successful running, therefore, most importantly, striking a balance between the factors should start with the founder as the center, and there must be professional business knowledge and technical assistance by the business start-up support agency.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2013

So many researchers have been interested in key success factors of technological start-ups. However, previous studies have not focussed on Concreteness of technological capabilities at the growth stages and industry in technological start-ups. The purpose of this study is to investigate the Concreteness of technological capabilities that have influence on performance of technological start-ups. Empirical data was collected from 342 firms in BI in Korea. It used the questionnaire method for the CEO, It is executed the Regression analysis to test hypotheses of influencing effects. Results of the hypothesis testing are summarized as follows: First, It was found that technological capabilities had statistically significant influence on firm performance. But the property based resources had lower significant influence. Second, This research found that the knowledge based resources had higher significant influence on technological start-ups performance at IT industry. Third, The knowledge based resources had higher significant influence on performance at growth stages. In conclusion, technological capabilities were verified as important firm resources of technology-based start-ups for firm performance. But the Concreteness of technological capabilities was significant differences by growth-stage of firms.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.91-100
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• 2018

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) endeavor to overcome the adverse resource conditions and secure competitive advantage through technological innovation capability. Prior studies have focused on the overall or specific dimensions of technological innovation capability, and examined their performance impact. However, there has been less scholarly attention on the dynamic characteristics such as the relative importance of technological innovation capability or its performance impact at the different growth stages of a firm. In this vein, this study investigates the relationship between SME innovation capability and innovation performance at each growth stages of a firm. Based on the empirical analysis of manufacturing SMEs in Korea, we found that all dimensions of technological innovation capability had positive effects on innovation performance. However, each dimension of technological innovation capability had different effect on innovation performance by the growth stages. The planning capability can improve innovation performance at the growth and maturity stages. Manufacturing capability can have positive effect on innovation performance at the maturity stage. Both of new product development capability and commercialization capability contribute to innovation performance at all of the growth stages. This study suggests the guidelines for enhancing technological innovation capability at the different growth stages of SMEs. It also provides policy implications for the design and operation of growth-stage specific programs. Finally, the limitations of the research and future research directions are presented.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.45-57
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• 2019

In this research, research on factors affecting business results of small business people has been advanced, but the management relationship for small business people is the influence relationship between characteristics of individual's propensity and market environment and business results. Analysis and research of the role of regulation on the judgment that it is necessary to verify and present the lack of reality through the study. Therefore, a questionnaire survey was conducted for small businessmen in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do, etc., and the final 368 copies were collected and analyzed using the method of hierarchical regression analysis. As a result of empirical analysis, business education satisfaction had a statistically significant positive (+) influence on business performance. In two stages, as a result of additionally introducing the interaction between the achievement center of the center of gravity and the satisfaction level of management education, the achievement desire and the satisfaction level of management education have a positive (+) effect in which management results are noted. And the interaction term also has a significant effect. The satisfaction of management education to help the market attractiveness of the market environment characteristics all had a positive (+) effect that kept in mind the management results. In two stages, as a result of additionally introducing the interaction between management education satisfaction that helps the attractiveness of the center of gravity market, it has a positive (+) effect that takes business results into consideration, and the interaction term is also significant It has been found that the Through these studies, the business results of small businessmen are identified as significant influencing factors through the adjustment effect of management education satisfaction, in order to secure its competitiveness within a fierce competitive environment, Its importance can be very great.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.329-340
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• 2013

A geologic survey of the Bukpyeong and Pohang basins, as candidate basins for the geological storage of $CO_2$, was performed to evaluate storage capacity and security. To analyze the mechanical stability of the storage reservoir and cap rocks, we measured the porosity, seismic velocity, uniaxial strength, internal frictional angle, and Young's modulus of core samples recovered from the two basins. It is costly and sometimes impossible to conduct tests over the entire range of drill holes, and continuous logging data do not yield the mechanical parameters directly. In this study, to derive the mechanical properties of geologic formations from the geophysical logging data, we determined the empirical relations between the physical properties (seismic velocity, porosity, and dynamic modulus) and the mechanical properties (uniaxial strength, internal friction angle) of the core samples. From the comparison with our core test data, the best fits to the two basins were selected from the relations suggested in previous studies. The relations between uniaxial strength, Young's modulus, and porosity of samples from the Bukpyeong and Pohang basins are more consistent with certain rock types than with the locality of the basins. The relations between the physical and mechanical properties were used to estimate the mechanical rock properties of geologic formations from seismic logging data. We expect that the mechanical properties could also be used as input data for a modeling study to understand the mechanical instability of rock formations prior to $CO_2$ injection.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.112-126
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• 1991

The atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is ever-increasing and expected to reach about 600 ppmv some time during next century. Such an increase of $CO_2$ may cause a warming of the earth's surface of 1.5 to 4.5$^{\circ}C$, resulting in great changes in natural and agricultural ecosystems. The climatic scenario under doubled $CO_2$ projected by general circulation model of Goddard Institute for Space Studies(GISS) was adopted to evaluate the potential impact of climate change on agroclimatic resources, net primary productivity and rice productivity in Korea. The annual mean temperature was expected to rise by 3.5 to 4.$0^{\circ}C$ and the annual precipitation to vary by -5 to 20% as compared to current normal climate (1951 to 1980), resulting in the increase of possible duration of crop growth(days above 15$^{\circ}C$ in daily mean temperature) by 30 to 50 days and of effective accumulated temperature(EAT=∑Ti, Ti$\geq$1$0^{\circ}C$) by 1200 to 150$0^{\circ}C$. day which roughly corresponds to the shift of its isopleth northward by 300 to 400 km and by 600 to 700 m in altitude. The hydrological condition evaluated by radiative dryness index (RDI =Rn/ $\ell$P) is presumed to change slightly. The net primary productivity under the 2$\times$$CO_2$ climate was estimated to decrease by 3 to 4% when calculated without considering the photosynthesis stimulation due to $CO_2$ enrichment. Empirical crop-weather model was constructed for national rice yield prediction. The rice yields predicted by this model under 2 $\times$ $CO_2$ climatic scenario at the technological level of 1987 were lower by 34-43% than those under current normal climate. The parameters of MACROS, a dynamic simulation model from IRRI, were modified to simulate the growth and development of Korean rice cultivars under current and doubled $CO_2$ climatic condition. When simulated starting seedling emergence of May 10, the rice yield of Hwaseongbyeo(medium maturity) under 2 $\times$ $CO_2$ climate in Suwon showed 37% reduction compared to that under current normal climate. The yield reduction was ascribable mainly to the shortening of vegetative and ripening period due to accelerated development by higher temperature. Any simulated yields when shifted emergence date from April 10 to July 10 with Hwaseongbyeo (medium maturity) and Palgeum (late maturity) under 2 $\times$ $CO_2$ climate did not exceed the yield of Hwaseongbyeo simulated at seedling emergence on May 10 under current climate. The imaginary variety, having the same characteristics as those of Hwaseongbyeo except growth duration of 100 days from seedling emergence to heading, showed 4% increase in yield when simulated at seedling emergence on May 25 producing the highest yield. The simulation revealed that grain yields of rice increase to a greater extent under 2$\times$ $CO_2$-doubled condition than under current atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration as the plant type becomes more erect.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.157-180
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• 2010

Rapid development of information technology has generated a new industry and market. In particular, network technology such as the Internet and other computer networks made transaction activities switched from traditional offline commerce to e-commerce. Among them, digital content is bit-based object which is created and distributed through electronic environment. In particular, many entertainment contents such as the music, the movies, and the computer game softwares are main products. Although digital content commerce has high potential demand, it lacks the consideration about the factor related to maintaining existing customer such as customer loyalty and switching costs. There has been a number of research on customer loyalty and other factors affecting it in the traditional electronic commerce environment, but there is a lack of research which examines the characteristics of digital content. The study about the effect of switching costs on customer loyalty in digital content commerce is necessary because the customers of digital content commerce market are from those of other e-commerce market or traditional offline commerce market. In addition, customer loyalty and switching costs are important factors because they may build up greater customer retention. For that reason, this study focused on examining the relationships among switching costs, antecedents for switching costs, and customer loyalty in online digital music service industry. The study has three major purposes: (1) to find antecedents of switching costs on digital content commerce and examine effect of antecedents for switching costs; (2) to identify effect of switching costs on customer loyalty in digital content commerce and examine moderating effects of alternative attractiveness; (3) to identify the differences of antecedents for switching costs by contents transmission type(streaming service and downloading service). And, the online digital music service industry is selected in this study since there are many users and transactions incurring. To accomplish these purposes, a survey questionnaire was developed and distributed to 256 informants. Survey instrument was developed based on previous research and pre-established survey items. Total of 206 surveys are collected and used in the data analysis. Among the respondents, 56.8% is male and 43.2% is female. Also, 86 responses were streaming service user group and 120 responses were download service user group. These data was analyzed using regression analysis. Major findings of empirical analysis can be summarized as follows. First, switching costs have positive effect on customer loyalty in digital content commerce environment. Second, the influence of switching costs on customer loyalty increases under conditions of high alternative attractiveness. Third, DRM convenience and breadth of use have positive effect on switching costs. The findings imply that the digital content provider should pay more attention to switching costs in addition to customer satisfaction in order to attract customers. Also, increasing the convenience of DRM use by securing the convenience of user interface and expanding the support device and increasing the service use scope by providing diverse value-added service helps to create a switching barrier. The result of the study can become a practical use in marketing strategy for maintaining existing customer. In particular, switching barrier is very important under conditions of high competition in the online music service market. This study can be used as a basis for further studies about customer retention in digital content commerce.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.315-334
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• 2020

This study was conducted to analyze factors affecting acceptance of smart farm technology. Smart farm technology is rapidly being introduced to agriculture in accordance with the progress of the 4th Industrial Revolution, but research on this is still little. Therefore, in this study, based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT), a research model reflecting the characteristics of smart farm technology was constructed. To test this, empirical analysis was performed. A survey was conducted for students in smart farm technology education and adult male and female farmers who are currently planning to operate smart farms. Valid 204 sample were used for analysis. The hypothesis test was based on multiple regression analysis using SPSS 24 statistical package. For the mediating effect and moderating effect, Process Macro 3.4 based on the regression equation was used. The results of testing the hypothesis are as follows. First, in the causal hypothesis test, it was shown that performance expectancy, social influence and price value have a significant positive effect on the intention to use smart farm technology. On the other hand, effort expectancy, facilitating conditions were not tested for a significant influence on the use of smart farm technology. As a result of analyzing the mediating effect of trust, it was found that trust plays a mediating role between performance expectancy, effort expectancy, social influence, facilitating conditions, price value and intention to use smart farm technology. In particular, the effort expectancy has not been tested for a direct significant effect on intention to use smart farm technology, but it has been shown to have an impact through trust. Trust was found to be a full mediating between the effort expectancy and the intention to use the smart farm technology. The current IT level of prospective users has been shown to play a moderating role between performance expectancy, facilitating conditions and intention to use smart farm technology. In particular, the IT level was found to strengthen the relationship between performance expectancy and intention to use smart farm technology. Based on the results of these studies, academic and practical implications were suggested.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.59-84
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• 2005

Most of previous studies have proposed representative product categories which are likely to be sold on the on-line based only on the on-line benefits and risks. However, on-line shopping can be perceived another form of distribution channels from the perspectives of consumers. Therefore, in order to identify product categories which have a great potential to be sold on on-line stores, it is necessary to consider the perception and behavior at off-line shopping contexts as well as on on-line shopping circumstances. In this paper, we investigate the consumers' perception and behavior under both on-line and off-line shopping situations and classify them into several groups based on their perceptual and behavioral characteristics. Based on this classification, we empirically examine the product categories selling well on the on-line shopping. The empirical results show that there exist some patterns between distribution channels (on-line and off-line) and product categories. In addition, there are some differences among consumers regarding the perceptions and behaviors at on-line and off-line situations. Consumers who have high preference for on-line shopping tend to buy much wider product categories from on-line.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.97-112
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• 2007

Most traditional newspaper publishers provide online editions to counter the competition of online news providers. However, the relationship between the online and print editions of the same newspaper has not been clearly defined. Some see the online newspaper as a substitute, while others consider it a complement. A 2002 NAA online newspaper consumer survey indicated that one-third of its respondents said they were now using the print newspaper less. Others have argued that the online edition will not wipe out print consumption, and may even complement it. While the print edition offers particular advantages such as portability, less eye strain, and the tactile experience of a printed page, the online edition also offers specific advantages such as access to breaking news, continually updated information, access to old archives, etc. All these factors would tend to lower the degree of interchangeability between the products. However, recent empirical studies show that the online edition is a substitute for rather than a complement of the print edition. Still, to some print readers, the online edition provides additional value. In this paper, by capturing the two different aspects of online editions the substitute aspect and the additional value added aspect as well as other available online alternatives, we develop an analytical model to derive the optimal production and distribution strategies of both online and print editions. Confronting the "free versus fee" issue, we show that it is optimal to provide an online version of the print newspaper for free to non-print subscribers. However, the amount of free news content that the publishers need to put on the Web depends on the available alternatives on the online market. The "fee" and "free" options both have merits and demerits as well. If the publisher charges for the online version of the print newspaper, she can generate revenue from the fee charged to online readers. However, doing so will limit the size of the online audience and further reduce online advertising revenue. At the same time, by providing a high-quality online version and charging for it, the price of the print newspaper must stay low in order to lure high valued readers. On the contrary, if the publisher provides an online version of the print newspaper for free, she can obtain a larger audience for the online version. At the same time, by providing a low-quality online newspaper, the publisher can increase the print newspaper price to get more revenue from high valued offline readers, although no revenue is incoming from online version readers. Through systematic measuring of all the pros and cons, our analysis shows that the optimal option is not "fee" but "free."