• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.55-61
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• 2010

In this study, the construction trend of skyscraper was summarized chirologically to examine the characteristics and current, and the issue in evacuation was examined through the case of fire breakout in skyscraper. Based on this, the type of evacuation using the emergency stairway during the fire breakout in skyscraper was decided on six types and empirical experiment was conducted for each type. The issues on the participants that participated in the emergency stairway evacuation experiment from the fire breakout in skyscraper and the difficulties in the evacuation were qualitatively evaluated to summarize each element of hindrance to summarize basic information on emergency stairway evacuation.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.55-68
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• 2007

Because of not accepted on escape using elevators in fire emergency has some background. In the background elevator hoistway has turn into smoke spread route in fire. The escape that used an elevator was not able to make ends meet; of the big confusion is expected that cannot control the escape adequately, and do that elevator facilities breakdown possibility by the fire water, the escaper shut in car. Therefore ban on elevator service in fire time as a general rule. Recently, a few company promote super high-rise architecture in the country, a fire disaster prevention and human life safety measures preparation for PBD(A Performance Based Fire Protection Design) are studied concretely. And there is the escape example in fire time that used an elevator in the foreign country. You must promote it so that the escape measures that used enclosed stairway and an elevator in charge of a function of the mutual supplement. The result of this research can be used for establishing the standard and regulation for using elevators in fire emergency.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.161-168
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• 2019

Traffic accidents in tunnel can lead to large traffic accidents due to narrow and dark road characteristics. Therefore, special care of the driver is required when is driving in a tunnel. However, accidents can happen at any time. In the event of an accident, a narrow road structure may lead to a second accident. Therefore, all facilities installed inside the tunnel should be allowed to minimize damage in the event of an accident. We confirmed the safety of the collision target through the action of the sedan, Sport Utility Vehicle (SUV) and truck when the vehicle crashed into a stairway installed on the tunnel emergency escape route, and when a concrete barrier or guard rail was installed in front of the stairway. The behavior of the vehicle has resulted in a total of three results: rollover or rollover, change of speed and angle of the vehicle after collision. The sedan and SUV were the most secure when colliding with the guardrail, but considering the truck as a whole, concrete barriers were judged to be the most suitable for minimizing damage from the first accident and reducing the risk of the second accident.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.211-216
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• 2010

Fire service personnel and ambulance paramedics suffer musculoskeletal disorders as they lift and carry patients while performing Emergency Medical Services (EMS). The objective of the current study was performed to examine the association between working environment and musculoskeletal disorders of 119 paramedics and to analysis the EMS activities for them through basic survey (including task characteristics, risk factors, symptoms and illnesses). Observational job analysis of EMS activities indicated the squatting posture during first-aid performed on floor and the abrupt use of force during carrying heavy load including stretcher with patients on as hazard factors, and excessive low back twisting and bending during stairway transfer was observed. In addition, work-physiological assessment revealed various but rather high lumbar muscle usage rate among the study subjects, being 14.6~32.8% compared with Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC) during patients transfer work. Resting heart rate showed 65/min, on the other hand, heart rate on mobilization indicated maximum 124~156/min. Therefore, the results of analysis to the EMS activities, rescuer activities and medical tasks were accompanied with high possibility of accident and musculoskeletal disorders. Also, EMS activities indicated high muscle fatigue and energy consumption, and accumulated muscle fatigue with during continued work.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.72-78
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• 2013

The turbulent flow behavior of air supply and exhaustion in the Shin-gum-ho subway station is analyzed for ordinary and emergency state. The depth of Shin-gum-ho station is 43.6m which consists of the island-type platform(8th floor in underground) and a two-story lobby (first & second floor in underground). An emergency stairway connects between the platform and the lobby. Ventilation operation mode for ordinary state is set up as a combination of air supply and exhaustion in the lobby and platform, while for emergency state it is set up as a full air supply in the lobby and a full exhaustion in the platform. The entire station is covered for simulation. The ventilation diffusers are modeled as 95 square shapes of $0.6m{\times}0.6m$ in the lobby and as 222 square shapes of $0.6m{\times}0.6m$ and 4 rectangular shapes of $1.2m{\times}0.8m$ in the platform. The total of 7.5million grids are generated and whole domain is divided to 22 blocks for MPI efficiency of calculation. Large eddy simulation(LES) is applied to solve the momentum equation and Smagorinsky model($C_s$=0.2) is used as SGS(subgrid scale) model. The time-averaged velocity fields are compared to experimental data and show a good agreement with it.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.133-136
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• 2003

This study was purposed of finding housing characteristics, especially bathroom and preferred by the Elderly in Daejeon City. Collected By housing expenses and an administrative district, the Elderly over 65 were interviewed by well-trained investigators and 583 case was analyzed through SPSS PC 10.0. The results of this study were as follows ; They have a little emphasized emergency bell and convenience of a balustrade and have layed stress on non-slip floor in bathroom and stairways. Non-slip floor was considered more important thing for safety by the elderly.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.41
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• pp.121-128
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• 2003

This study was purposed to find that the elderly in Daejeon city evaluated design details in bathroom, stairway, entrance etc. On the base of housing expenses and an administrative district, the elderly over 65 were chosen and interviewed by well-trained investigators and 583 case was analyzed through SPSS PC 10.0. The results of this study were as follows ; they said a bathtub was necessary, the floor was not slippery, the height of basin was not high and the grab bar around toilet was not in bathroom and emergency bell was not in house. The elderly pointed out that the non-slip floor, grab bar, bathtub in bathroom and non-slip floor in entrance and stairs should be designed carefully. By the condition of the elderly' health and independent daily living and experience of housing, the evaluation of importance on bathroom and approach design by the elderly were different.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.81-88
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• 2014

This study identified the complaint ratio of musculoskeletal symptom by 119 EMTs and investigated the work risk extent through ergonomics evaluation about the patient transport works, which cause work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) to 119 EMTs. For this, the complaint ratio of musculoskeletal symptom utilized questionnaire tool based on KOSHA Code H-30-2008 and the risk extent about the patient transport work evaluated by using ergonomics evaluation tools such as OWAS, RULA and REBA. According to the study result, 60.9% of 119 EMTs experienced musculoskeletal symptom. Among them, the symptom on back was the most common (36.1%). The work, which mostly causes WMSDs, has been found as patient transport work (48.4%). Among the patient transport motion, loading/unloading of ambulance cot to/from ambulance and the lifting of patient by stretcher were OWAS risk-level 3 and RULA/REBA risk-level 3 to 4. Among the patient transport environment, carrying patient on stairway using emergency mini-stretcher, moving patient in vehicle using spine board and piggy-back carrying or cradle carrying patient on stairway or slope way were OWAS, RULA, REBA risk level 3 to 4. It is suggested that immediate improvement in work postures for these works should contribute to prevention against WMSDs to 119 EMTs.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.33-38
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• 2010

Recently commercial egress softwares are frequently used for the risk assessment. The estimation of evacuation time is an important procedure and the outflow coefficient in a bottleneck becomes the crucial factor for design of emergency planning. This paper compares the outflow coefficient of measurement with those of softwares in the bottlenecks of subway stations where masses of people movement is observed. Stairway and turnstile are the 2 bottleneck points along escape pathway. For the escape simulation it is recommended that 2 different modes be used in the programs for 2 kinds of bottleneck. The results of the comparison makes a big difference among them and some of differences can be reduced by correct design of input data. In conclusion the results of simulation should be examined thoroughly by procedure of comparisons with other results.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.21 no.2 s.24
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• pp.224-237
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• 1988

To determine the causes of and related factors to childhood injuries, the emergency room records and inpatient medical records were reviewed for 4,849 injured children out of 15,790 pediatric patients(<15 years old) who visited the emergency rooms of 3 university hospitals and 2 general hospitals in Taegu from 1 January to 31 December 1987. Out of total injured children, 54.675 were 3-8 years old and the male to female ratio of the total injured children was about 2:1. The leading causes of injury were falls and slips (29.1%) and traffic accident(28.2%). The frequency of injury was higher in May-October than the rest of months and 51.6% of the injuries occurred between 15 and 20 o'clock. Falls and slips took place most frequently at the stairway(25.7%). The most common interpersonal violence was inflicted injuries(85.6%) and there were 11 child rapes. Dog bites accounted for 67.6% of all biting injuries and it occured 2.9 times more in male than in female. CO intoxication was the most common cause of poisoning (45.3%) and scalding accounted for 85.2% of all burns. Common places of drownings were river (32.2%), swimming pool (22.6%) and construction site(19.3%). To prevent childhood injuries, it is recommended to eliminate the hazardous environmental factors, to provide safe playgrounds, to educate the children for safety from kindergarten and the general public through mass communication, to establish a strict safety standard for houses, public buildings and facilities, and playgrounds.