• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.429-438
• /
• 2021

The mandatory installation of the ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System) became an important navigational equipment for navigation officer. In addition, ECDIS is a key component of the ship's digitalization in conjunction with various navigational equipment. Meanwhile, cyber-attacks emerge as a new threat along with digitalization. Damage caused by cyber-attacks is also reported in the shipping sector, and IMO recommends that cybersecurity guidelines be developed and included in International Security Management (ISM). This study analyzed the cybersecurity hazards of ECDIS, where various navigational equipment are connected. To this end, Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) was conducted on navigation officer using ECDIS. As a result, the development of technologies for cyber-attack detection and prevention should be priority. In addition, policies related to 'Hardware and Software upgrade', 'network access control', and 'data backup and recovery' were analyzed as contents to be maintained. This paper is significant in deriving risk factors from the perspective of ECDIS users and analyzing their priorities, and it is necessary to analyze various cyber-attacks that may occur on ships in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.165-176
• /
• 2009

The process of berthing/deberthing operations for entering/leaving vessels in Busan northern harbor was analyzed and evaluated by using an integrated VTS(vessel traffic service) system installed in the ship training center of Pukyong National University, Busan, Korea. The integrated VTS system used in this study was consisted of ARPA radar, ECDIS(electronic chart display and information system), backup(recording) system, CCTV(closed-circuit television) camera system, gyro-compass, differential GPS receiver, anemometer, AIS(automatic identification system), VHF(very high frequency) communication system, etc. The network of these systems was designed to communicate with each other automatically and to exchange the critical information about the course, speed, position and intended routes of other traffic vessels in the navigational channel and Busan northern harbor. To evaluate quantitatively the overall dynamic situation such as maneuvering motions for target vessel and its tugboats while in transit to and from the berth structure inside a harbor, all traffic information in Busan northern harbor was automatically acquired, displayed, evaluated and recorded. The results obtained in this study suggest that the real-time tracking information of traffic vessels acquired by using an integrated VTS system can be used as a useful reference data in evaluating and analyzing exactly the dynamic situation such as the collision between ship and berth structure, in the process of berthing/deberthing operations for entering/leaving vessels in the confined waters and harbor.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.177-187
• /
• 2009

This paper describes a automatic video surveillance system(AVSS) with long range and 360$^{\circ}$ coverage that is automatically rotated in an elevation over azimuth mode in response to the TTM(tracked target message) signal of vessels tracked by ARPA(automatic radar plotting aids) radar. This AVSS that is a video security and tracking system supported by ARPA radar, CCTV(closed-circuit television) camera system and other sensors to automatically identify and track, detect the potential dangerous situations such as collision accidents at sea and berthing/deberthing accidents in harbor, can be used in monitoring the illegal fishing vessels in inshore and offshore fishing ground, and in more improving the security and safety of domestic fishing vessels in EEZ(exclusive economic zone) area. The movement of the target vessel chosen by the ARPA radar operator in the AVSS can be automatically tracked by a CCTV camera system interfaced to the ECDIS(electronic chart display and information system) with the special functions such as graphic presentation of CCTV image, camera position, camera azimuth and angle of view on the ENC, automatic and manual controls of pan and tilt angles for CCTV system, and the capability that can replay and record continuously all information of a selected target. The test results showed that the AVSS developed experimentally in this study can be used as an extra navigation aid for the operator on the bridge under the confusing traffic situations, to improve the detection efficiency of small targets in sea clutter, to enhance greatly an operator s ability to identify visually vessels tracked by ARPA radar and to provide a recorded history for reference or evidentiary purposes in EEZ area.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.140-148
• /
• 2007

This paper describes on the real-time monitoring of dredging information for grab bucket dredger equipped with winch control sensors and differential global positioning system(DGPS) using electronic chart display and information system(ECDIS). The experiment was carried out at Gwangyang Hang and Gangwon-do Oho-ri on board M/V Kunwoong G-16. ECDIS system monitors consecutively the dredging's position, heading and shooting point of grab bucket in real-time through 3 DGPS attached to the top bridge of the dredger and crane frame. Dredging depth was measured by 2 up/down counter fitted with crane winch of the dredger. The depth and area of dredging in each shooting point of grab bucket are displayed in color band. The efficiency of its operation can be ensured by adjusting the tidal data in real-time and displaying the depth of dredging on the ECDIS monitor. The reliance for verification of dredging operation as well as supervision of dredging process was greatly enhanced by providing three-dimensional map with variation of dredging depth in real time. The results will contribute to establishing the system which can monitor and record the whole dredging operations in real-time as well as verify the result of dredging quantitatively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
• /
• 2018.10a
• /
• pp.558-561
• /
• 2018

Human errors have known as a majority of maritime navigational accidents such as collision and grounding. A large number of relevant research applied indirect research methods such as survey and interview. The research methods are limited to collect objective data regarding human errors due to its nature. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to improve the limitation of human error measurement of navigators by applying wearable sensors. Infrared sensors by using a 3-D printer to accommodate the special environment of a ship were developed for the study. As results, a significant reliance on the Integrated Navigation System including Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) and Radar. The results are expected to motivate further research to investigate human errors of ship navigators to reduce the maritime navigational accidents.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
• /
• 2018.05a
• /
• pp.318-320
• /
• 2018

When a ship sails on sea, it may be influenced by the environmental disturbance such as wind, wave, sea surface temperature, etc. These affect on the ship's speed, fuel consumption, safety and operating performance. It is necessary to find the optimal weather route of a ship to avoid adverse weather conditions which can put the crews in serious danger or cause structural damage to the vessel, machinery, and equipment. This study introduced how to apply A* algorithm based on sea trial test data for determining the optimal ship routes. The path cost function was modelled as a function of minimum arrival time or minimum energy depending on the time of various environment conditions. The specially modelled path-cost function and the safety constraints were applied to the A* algorithm in order to find the optimal path of the ship. The comparison of ship performances estimated by real sea trial's path and estimated optimal route during the voyage of the ship was investigated. The result of this study can be used to create a schedule to ensure safe operation of the ship with short passage time or minimum energy. In addition, the result of this study can be integrated into an on-board decision supporting expert system and displayed in Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) to provide all the useful information to ship master.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
• /
• v.45 no.2
• /
• pp.61-68
• /
• 2021

Logistics movement using ships has been used for many centuries, but maritime accidents are still difficult to predict and they occur on a large scale. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) made it mandatory to install Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) for safe seas, but S-57 standards applied to equipment were not updated over 30 years. In addition, it is difficult to keep the equipment up-to-date and revise standards as ships move around the world. In consideration of the limitations of S-57, the IHO developed the new standard as S-100 rather than an update of the S-57. In this study, the previously developed S-100 tool and S/W were configured as one platform and applied to the S-100 ECDIS. The platform conducts as the S-100 cycle and ecosystem from the creation of standards to release and practical use in ships. The hydrographic information standard is machine-readable as defined in S-100, and it has been validated that the latest standard can be applied using the Plug and Play (PnP) function without software system updates. It is expected that international organization such as the International Hydrographic Office (IHO) and the International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA) shall develop and release standards and mariners can easily apply the latest standards to equipment through the machine-readable platform.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
• /
• 2007.12a
• /
• pp.181-183
• /
• 2007

Copyright infringement and data piracy are pervasive problems of digital era and Electronic Navigational Charts(ENC) are not free from these issues. Aside from the economic impact, the unofficial distribution of nautical information has sign띠cant safeη concerns. Therefore, official distributors of nautical information have sought appropriate methods to protect their data and to provide the mariner with a certificate of authenticity through the adoption of security schema. However, a plethora of different security schema provided by independent distributors markedly complicates the software development of Electronic Chart Display and Information Systems (ECDIS) manufacturers and makes it more difficult to achieve the goal of seamless world-wide electronic navigational database easily accessible to the mariner. A fundamental concern of IHO is that adoption of a single, centrally administered security scheme for all ENCs could improve the ease of use of ENCs and enhance safety of navigation. IHO have driven protection scheme as S-63, S-63x. NORI(National Oceanographic Research Institute) necessarily need protection scheme and supporting system for nautical information. This paper presents protection scheme for NORI and proposes support system for ENC protection.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.169-181
• /
• 2009

IMO adopt the revision of SOLAS convention on requirement systems for ECDIS and considered an ECDIS as the major system for E-Navigation strategy on marine transportation safety and marine environment protection. ENC(Electronic Navigational Chart) as base map of ECDIS is considered as a principal information infrastructure that is essential for navigation tasks. Though ECDIS has many advantages, it's almost impossible for the mariner to recognize the displayed information because of intense display of objects so called the clutter. In this paper, the current status and international standards on SCAMIN((Minimum Scale) attribute have been investigated. Also improvement of SCAMIN attribute of ENCs and grouping method for the sounding values was proposed.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.158-167
• /
• 2022

The International Maritime Organization's e-Navigation strategy introduces new technologies to ships to support easier and safer navigation. To implement the e-Navigation strategy, it was necessary to develop a common data model, that could meet various requirements across all aspects of the maritime information service. The International Hydrographic Organization's S-100 Universal Hydrographic Data Model was selected, as the basis for the standardization of maritime data products. Three S-100 based product specifications for weather information, collectively called "S-41X", are currently under development by the NOAA's Ocean Prediction Center, for use in the Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS). This paper describes a design of a grid based S-413 data model out of three S-41X product specifications. Other S-100 data products, which support the gridded data format, were considered. To verify the data model, an encoding test was conducted, using the Korean Meteorological Adminstration's numerical prediction model results.