• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2012

Green tea leaves were fermented for 15 and 30 days with Monascus pilosus which is known to produce functional statins (TMs), and the content of various biochemical constituents such as total polyphenol (TP), total flavonoid (TF), theaflavin, and thearubigin were analyzed and compared with that of non-fermented green tea (GT) and Pu-erh Chinese post-fermented tea (PU). In addition to the electron donating ability (EDA), ferric iron reducing power (FIRP), xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitory activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, iron chelating activity (ICA) and hydrogen peroxide contents were also measured and compared with that of GT and PU. Content of TP and TF in the water and ethanol extracts in TMs were lower than those in GT and PU. Theaflavin and thearubigin contents of water and ethanol extracts in TMs were higher than those of GT. And, these components were increased depending on the period of fermentation. While, EDA and FIRP of TMs were lower than those of GT, XO inhibitory activity of TMs was higher than non-fermented tea. While, ICA of TMs was slightly higher than GT and PU, the content of hydrogen peroxide in TMs was markedly lower than GT. This results suggested that the green tea fermented by M. pilosus was valuable for oxidative stress-induced diseases by decreasing hydrogen peroxide, and forming theaflavins and thearubigins with functionality of genus Monascus.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.123-130
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• 2010

We compared physiological activities in reflux extracts from Liriope platyphylla leaves and roots. The water extract of roots had the highest solid extraction yield of 53.96%. The greatest level of total polyphenols was 186.88 mg/g in methanol extracts from leaves, whereas water extract from leaves showed the highest concentration of flavonoid compounds, at 159.29 mg/g. The leaf extract had 97.42% of the electron-donating ability (EDA) of the positive control, at 0.5 mg/mL. The superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity of water extract of leaves was 9.75% of the positive control value, at 1.0 mg/mL. The nitrite scavenging ability of methanolic extract from leaves was highest, at 40.56% of the positive control level at pH 1.2 and a concentration of 1.0 mg/mL, whereas root extracts were ineffective in this regard. Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by leaf extracts was more than 99% of the positive control value at 1.0 mg/mL, whereas water and methanolic root extracts had activities of 93.75% and 68.47%, respectively. When tyrosinase inhibition was examined, the water extract of leaves had 22.80% of positive control activity but methanolic extracts were inactive. These results indicate that leaves of L. platyphylla will be more useful for development of functional products than the roots, which are used to make medicinal preparations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.942-948
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• 2011

The physiological activities of extracts from the leaf, stem, and fruit of Cudrania tricuspidata were investigated. The electron-donating ability (EDA) of the 70% (v/v) ethanolic extract of stem was 90.20%; this was the highest value of all the extracts tested and higher than the L-ascorbate solutions. The total polyphenol contents were the highest in the leaf extracts under all extraction conditions. Especially, 70% (v/v) methanolic extract of leaf contained the highest total polyphenol content of 224.48 mg%. SOD-like activity showed the highest activity in water extract of leaf at 64.53%. Tyrosinase-inhibitory activities were the most effective in all extracts of fruit. ACE inhibitory activities were the highest in water extract of fruit. Nitrite-scavenging abilities under acidic conditions (pH 1.2 and pH 3.0) were the most effective in all the extracts. The results of this study will be useful for understanding the physiological activities of Cudrania tricuspidata extracts.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.474-480
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• 2007

Response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize extraction conditions preserving valuable functional properties of fluid Cheonggukjang obtained from red ginseng. Based on a central composite design, the study plan was established using variations in microwave power, ethanol concentration, and extraction time. Regression analysis was applied to obtain a mathematical model. A maximum electron donating ability (EDA) of 99.09% was obtained under the specific extraction conditions of microwave power 135.62 W, ratio of solvent to sample contents. 3.60 g/mL, and an extraction time of 11.79 min. The maximum inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity was 10.02% at 119.16 W, 4.02 g/mL, and 5.57 min. The maximum superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity was 63.83% under the extraction conditions of 125.29 W, 4.04 g/mL, and 11.02 min. Based on superposition of four-dimensional RSM data obtained to optimize electron donating ability, nitrite-scavenging ability, inhibitory effect on tyrosinase activity, and SOD-like activity, the optimum ranges of extraction conditions were found to be a microwave power of $l{\sim}85 W$, a ratio of solvent to sample content of $1.4{\sim}2.8\;g/mL$, and an extraction time of $6.5{\sim}11\;min$.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.413-419
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• 2006

This study was investigated to analyze the antioxidant activity or extracts form Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb for development to the functional materials. The antioxidative activities of water ethanol and methanol extracts from the Elaeagnus multiflora Thunb were analyzed by electron donating ability (EDA), anti-oxidization activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity, The superoxide anion radical-scavenging activity, and nitrite scavenging ability. The Etectron donating ability of methanol extract was higher in 1.0 mg/mL of extraction solution than those of ethers. The anti-oxidization activity of ethanol and methanol extracts by thiocyanate method using linolenic acid system was higher than those of the water extract. The SOD-like activity was increased with increase of the extract concentration in each extracts. The SOD-like activity was highest in 2.0 mg/mL of methanol extract. The superoxide anion radical-scavenging activity was increased with increase of the concentration in the ethanol extract and methanol extract. The nitrite scavenging ability of water extracts in 1.0 mg/mL of extraction soiution in pH 1.2 was higher than ethanol extrats and methanol extracts. The nitrite scavenging ability of all extracts was decreased according to increase of pH.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.57-69
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• 2013

Recently, an interest in functional foods has been increasing. It was recommended placing a short definition. Therefore, we performed research on the chemical functions and antioxidant ability of broccoli. This research is vital for preparing the most favorable conditions and environment for highly-functional broccoli. Broccoli produced after applying sprouting and light sources were used for research. The chemical properties of the broccoli, including composition, free sugar, citric acid, mineral and vitamin (A, C, E) content, were analyzed. In addition, the ability of broccoli compounds to reduce total phenolic compounds, SOD-liked activity, EDA (electron donating ability), and hydroxyl radicals were inspected. Total analysis relied on the SAS (statistical analysis system). Broccoli sprouts produced through plant factory system's photosynthesis, treated under different light sources, had superior amounts of crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash, compared to normal sprouts under fluorescent light. Is it a facility or does it refer to the inner metabolism of the cell? Broccoli sprouts under red light had superior amounts of glucose, fructose, malic acid, and oxalic acid, while broccoli sprouts under turquoise light had superior amounts of citric acid. Broccoli sprouts under white light had superior amounts of various minerals, such as potassium, magnesium, and sodium. In terms of antioxidant activity, data from the plant factory system shows an increase in EDA antioxidants (1.63 mg/mL, 30.82%). Sprouts applied with turquoise light had superior amounts of hydroxyl radical scavenging (65.62%), and sprouts applied with white light had superior amounts of activated SOD-like activity (52.69%). Research on dehydrated broccoli sprouts showed that sprouts dehydrated with cold air had superior amount of malic, citric, oxalic acid compared to sprouts dehydrated with hot air. In terms of vitamin levels, sprouts dehydrated with cold air had five times the normal amount of vitamin A and E, whereas sprouts dehydrated with hot air had higher amounts of vitamin C. Dehydration at low temperature also produced a higher amount of activated antioxidants (1.6 mg/mL of activated antioxidant ability, 63.04% of SOD-like activity, and 67.76% of hydroxyl radical scavenging). Our results show that antioxidant ability can vary by the type of photosynthesis and temperature level in which the sprouts are dehydrated. Therefore, thorough foundational data is required to product the most functional broccoli.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.109-113
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate antioxidative and nitrite scavenging activities of extracts of Cordyceps militaris. Fruiting body and mycelia of artificially cultivated Cordyceps militaris were extracted with water and 70% ethanol. In Cordyceps militaris mycelia, electron donating ability (EDA) of water extract ranged from 37% to 47% and ethanol extract ranged from 57% to 70% at 300∼1,000 ppm. In Cordyceps militaris fruiting body, EDA of water extract and ethanol extract were similar, ranged from 19% to 48% at 300-1,000 ppm. Nitrite scavenging ability (NSA) of extracts measured at various pH (1.2, 3.0, 4.2, 6.0) was the highest at pH 1.2 and decreased with increasing pH, suggesting it is pH dependent. In Cordyceps militaris mycelia, NSA of water extract 1,000 ppm was 23% and that of ethanol extract 1,000 ppm was 37% at pH 17. In Cordyceps militaris fruiting body, NSA of water extract 1,000 ppd was 12% and that of ethanol extract 1,000 ppm was 37% at pH 1.2. EDA and NSA of Cordyceps milituis were higher in extract of mycelia than fruiting beds and higher in ethanol extract than water extract of each part.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.363-370
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• 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate the dermal cytotoxicity of lead acetate (LA) and other heavy metal compounds, and the protective effect of Lespedeza bicolor (LB) extract on LA-induced cytotoxicity in cultured B16-/F10 melanoma cells. The study evaluated the antioxidative effects of LB due to its electron-donating ability (EDA), inhibitory effects on melanization and improving cell viability. LA significantly decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner, and the XTT₅₀ value was determined at 52.7 µM in the studied cultures. Based on the Borenfreund and Puerner's toxicity criteria, LA was estimated to be highly cytotoxic. LA-induced cytotoxicity and cell damage was reversed by the antioxidant activity of kaempferol (KAE), thereby remarkably improving cell viability. A study of the protective effects of the LB extract on LA-induced cytotoxicity showed that the LB extract remarkably increased cell viability in the LA-treated group, and also inhibited the EDA and the total amount of melanin. The above results suggest oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity of LA. In the study, LB extract effectively prevented LA-induced cytotoxicity via its antioxidative activity and inhibition of melanization. In conclusion, natural resources like LB extracts may be useful agents for the prevention of oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity and melanization by heavy metallic compounds such as LA.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.185-189
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• 2013

Daeripjami, a novel black rice variety developed by conventional breeding has high contents of Cyanidin-3-glucoside(C3G) and a more strong antioxidant than normal black rice. This study aimed at informing ordinary people of the superiority of Daeripjami, a variety of rice proven to be superb physiologically and valuable as natural coloring, and making it popular by examing the physicochemical features of the rice. Recently, an increasing number of people in modern society are suffering from various adult diseases and atopic diseases. Therefore, in order to resolve the problem by making people consume more C3G, the main coloring contained in functional rice Daeripjami. The general components of Daeripjami, Superjami, Heugjinju and Ilpum were compared, As for water content, Ilpum took first place, followed by Heugjinju, Daeripjami and Superjami, As for crude protein and fat content, Heugjinju was highest, followed by Daeripjami, Superjami and Ilpum. This indicated that Daeripjami likely has better cooking qualities than Heugjinju. Amylose content turned out to be related with the volume, stickness and retrogradation of cook rice. As Heugjinju contained more amylose than Daeripjami, the latter was expected to have better eating quality than the former. The 1000 grain weight of daeripjami was 1.67 times heavier than that of Heugjinju. The C3G content of Daeripjami is 3.49 times higher compared with that of Heugjinju. As for total polyphenol and electron donating ability, Daeripjami was high in physiological functionality.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.348-354
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• 2007

Extraction characteristics of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and the functional properties of the corresponding extracts were monitored by the response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum extraction yield of 38.83% was obtained under the specific extraction conditions, such as microwave power of 126.68 W, ethanol concentration of 53.39% and extraction time of 8.15 min. The maximum electron donating ability (EDA) was found as 77.92% at the conditions of 58.25 W microwave power, 91.87% ethanol concentration and 5.54 min extraction time. The maximum inhibitory effect on tyrosinase was 79.39% at 106.08 W, 2.06% and 5.61 min. The maximum polyphenol content was 105.59% under the extraction conditions of 81.82 W, 99.52% and 4.06 min. Based on superimposition of four dimensional RSM with respect to extraction yield and electron donating ability and polyphenol content obtained under the various extraction conditions, the optimum ranges of extraction conditions were found to be microwave power of $0{\sim}80\;W$, ethanol concentration of $0{\sim}40%$ and extraction time of $3{\sim}7$ min.