• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.335-345
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• 2022

PURPOSE. This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the surface characteristics of a full veneer crown fabricated chairside (CS) from a (Y, Nb)-TZP zirconia block in response to conventional zirconia grinding and polishing. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Zirconia crowns (n = 40) were first prepared and divided into two groups of materials: Labside (LS) and CS, after which each specimen went through a five-step grinding and polishing procedure. Following each surface treatment, surface characteristics were analyzed using confocal laser microscopy (CLSM), average surface roughness (Ra) values were processed from the profile data through Gaussian filtering, and X-ray diffraction pattern analysis was performed to evaluate the monoclinic (M) phase content. Then, a representative specimen was selected for field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), followed by a final analysis of the roughness and X-ray diffraction of the specimens using the independent t-test and repeated measures analysis of variance (RM-ANOVA). RESULTS. In every group, polishing significantly reduced the Ra values (P < .001). There was no significant difference in Ra between the polished state CS and LS. Furthermore, CLSM and FE-SEM investigations revealed that even though grain exposure was visible in CS specimens throughout the as-delivered and ground states, the exposure was reduced after polishing. Moreover, while no phase transformation was visible in the LS, phase transformation was visible in CS after every surface treatment, with the M phase content of the CS group showing a significant reduction after polishing (P < .001). CONCLUSION. Within the limits of this study, clinically acceptable level of surface finishing of (Y, Nb)-TZP can be achieved after conventional zirconia polishing sequence.

• Advances in materials Research
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.179-192
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• 2023

We have studied the structural and optical properties of the non-doped and Co 0.08 at.%, Co 0.02 at.%, and Co 0.11 at.% doped ZnO nanorods (NRs) synthesized using the simple low-temperature chemical bath deposition (CBD) method at 95℃ for 2 hours. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images confirmed the morphology of the ZnO NRs are affected by Co incorporation. As observed, the Co 0.08 at.% doped ZnO NRs have a larger dimension with an average diameter of 153.4 nm. According to the International Centre for Diffraction Data (ICDD) number #00-036-1451, the x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of non-doped and Co-doped ZnO NRs with the preferred orientation of ZnO NRs in the (002) plane possess polycrystalline hexagonal wurtzite structure with the space group P63mc. Optical absorbance indicates the Co 0.08 at.% doped ZnO NRs have stronger and blueshift bandgap energy (3.104 ev). The room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra of ZnO NRs exhibited excitonicrelates ultraviolet (UV) and defect-related green band (GB) emissions. By calculating the UV/GB intensity, the Co 0.08 at.% is the proper atomic percentage to have fewer intrinsic defects. We predict that Co-doped ZnO NRs induce a blueshift of near band edge (NBE) emission due to the Burstein-Moss effect. Meanwhile, the redshift of NBE emission is attributed to the modification of the lattice dimensions and exchange energy.

• 한국진공학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.173-179
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• 2006

Pulsed laser deposition 방법으로 증착한 $PbZr_{0.3}Ti_{0.7}O_{3}$ (PZT)박막의 구조적, 전기적 성질에 대한 연구를 하였다. PZT 박막은 $LaAlO_3$ 기판위에 동일한 조건으로 증착된 $LaMnO_3$ (LMO) 산화물을 하부 전극으로 하여 증착시간을 변화시키며 증착하였다. High-resolution x-ray diffraction 결과를 통해 LMO 하부 전극과 PZT 박막이 방향성 있게 자란 것을 확인할 수 있었고 박막의 두께는 field-emission scanning electron microscope을 통하여 측정할 수 있었다. 또한 우리는 atomic force microscopy을 이용하여 박막의 표면 거칠기를 구하였고 국소적인 범위의 전기적 특성은 piezoelectric force microscopy 모드를 이용하여 측정하였다. 그 결과 PZT/LMO 구조는 나노 스토리지의 미디어로 쓰이기 위해 필요한 성질들을 갖추었음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2007년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.8
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• pp.329-329
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• 2007

Photoconductive poly crystalline lead oxide coated on amorphous thin film transistor (TFT) arrays is the best candidate for direct digital x-ray detector for medical imaging. Thicker films with lessening density often show lower x-ray induced charge generation and collection becomes less efficient. In this work, we present a new methodology used for the high density deposition of PbO. We investigate the structural properties of the films using X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy experiments. The film coatings of approximately $200\;{\mu}m$ thickness were deposited on $2"{\times}2"$ conductive-coated glass substrates for measurements of dark current and x-ray sensitivity. The lead oxide (PbO) films of $200\;{\mu}m$ thickness were deposited on glass substrates using a wet coating process in room temperature. The influence of post-deposition annealing on the characteristics of the lead oxide films was investigated in detail. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy have been employed to obtain information on the morphology and crystallization of the films. Also we measured dark current, x-ray sensitivity and linearity for investigation of the electrical characteristics of films. It was found that the annealing conditions strongly affect the electrical properties of the films. The x-ray induced output charges of films annealed in oxygen gas increases dramatically with increasing annealing temperatures up to $500^{\circ}C$ but then drops for higher temperature anneals. Consequently, the more we increase the annealing temperatures, the better density and film quality of the lead oxide. Analysis of this data suggests that incorporation and decomposition reactions of oxygen can be controlled to change the detection properties of the lead oxide film significantly. Post-deposition thermal annealing is also used for densely film. The PbO films that are grown by new methodology exhibit good morphology of high density structure and provide less than $10\;pA/mm^2$ dark currents as they show saturation in gain (at approximate fields of $4\;V/{\mu}m$). The ability to operate at low voltage gives adequate dark currents for most applications and allows voltage electronics designs.

• 공업화학
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.412-420
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• 2023

본 연구는 red mud와 fly ash 기반 geopolymer 흡착제(RFGPA)를 소성 온도 변화(200, 400, 600 ℃)에 따라 제조하고 소성 온도가 methylene blue (MB)의 흡착에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 또한, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), 및 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) 분석을 통해 제조한 RFGPA의 특성을 조사하였다. MB를 이용한 소성 온도에 따른 RFGPA의 흡착 kinetics 결과 약 72시간에 MB 흡착 평형에 도달하였고, 흡착 isotherm 결과 MB 농도가 증가함에 따라 흡착 정도가 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 또한, RFGPA에 대해 소성 온도가 증가할수록 MB 흡착량이 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. RFGPA의 MB 흡착메커니즘을 확인하기 위해 수학적 모델식에 적용한 결과 상대적으로 Freundlich와 Sips 모델이 Langmuir 모델 보다 더 적합한 것을 확인하였다. 제조한 RFGPA 내에 존재하는 Fe₂O₃에 대한 MB의 광분해 효과를 확인하기 위해 dark condition 및 visible condition에서 MB 분해 정도를 분석한 결과 visible condition에서 분해속도가 dark condition보다 약 3배 빠른 것을 확인하였다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.2004-2008
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• 2014

This paper reports the facile synthesis methods of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, Z1-Z10, using diethylene glycol (DEG) and polyethylene glycol (PEG400). The particle size and morphology were correlated with the PEG concentration and reaction time. With 0.75 mL of PEG400 in 150 mL of DEG and a 20 h reaction time, the ZnO nanoparticles began to disperse from a collective spherical grain shape. The ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and a $N_2$ adsorption-desorption studies. The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface areas of Z4, Z5 and Z10 were 157.083, 141.559 and 233.249 $m^2/g$, respectively. The observed pore diameters of Z4, Z5 and Z10 were 63.4, 42.0 and 134.0 ${\AA}$, respectively. The pore volumes of Z4, Z5 and Z10 were 0.249, 0.148 and 0.781 $cm^3/g$, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized ZnO nanoparticles was evaluated by methylene blue (MB) degradation, and the activity showed a good correlation with the $N_2$ adsorption-desorption data.

• 분석과학
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.197-202
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• 2001

고온에서 만들어진 인조흑연을 음극 재료로 사용하여, 전기화학적으로 완전 충전된 상태에서 형성된 리튬이 층간 삽입된 인조흑연 화합물에 대하여 XRD와 DSC 분석 및 $^7Li-NMR$를 사용하여 특성화하였다. X-선 회절 결과로부터, 음극에 리튬이 충전된 상태의 인조 흑연 층간화합물의 경우, 1 stage가 주요한 회절선으로 강하게 나타났음 알 수 있었다. 리튬의 기저 평면 사이에 열적 안정성과 관련하여, 발열반응과 흡열반응의 변화량으로부터 리튬의 흑연 층간에서의 발산과 상관관계가 있음을 알 수 있다. $^7Li-NMR$ 스펙트럼 결과로부터, 방향족성의 증가와 삽입된 리튬의 거동으로부터 흡수선의 이동과 흡수밴드의 변이가 수반됨을 나타내었다. 이들 결과로부터, 리튬이 흑연층에 이상적으로 채워짐에 따라 높은 파장 쪽에서 이동이 나타남을 알 수 있다. 이러한 현상은 채워지지 않은 전자껍질에 전하이동밀도의 증가때문으로 여겨진다. 또한 리튬이 탄소층 사이에 채워짐과 관련하여 채워진 리튬의 무질서한 전자 스핀 방향과 불균일한 자기차수로 인하여 흡수밴드가 좁아진 것으로 여겨진다.

• Metals and materials international
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.1193-1201
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• 2018

Dilatometry is a useful technique to obtain experimental data concerning transformation. In this paper, a dilation conversional model was established to calculate carbides fraction in AISI H13 hot-work tool steel based on the measured length changes. After carbides precipitation, the alloy contents in the matrix changed. In the usual models, the content of carbon atoms after precipitation is considered as the only element that affects the lattice constant and the content of the alloy elements such as Cr, Mo, Mn, V are often ignored. In the model introduced in this paper, the alloying elements (Cr, Mo, Mn, V) changes caused by carbides precipitation are incorporated. The carbides were identified using scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The relationship between lattice constant of carbides and temperature are measured by high-temperature X-ray diffraction. The results indicate that the carbides observed in all specimens cooled at different rates are V-rich MC and Cr-rich $M_{23}C_6$, and most of them are V-rich MC, only very few are Cr-rich $M_{23}C_6$. The model including the effects of substitutional alloying elements shows a good improvement on carbides fraction predictions. In addition, lower cooling rate advances the carbides precipitation for AISI H13 specimens. The results between experiments and mathematical model agree well.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제31권7호
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• pp.1875-1880
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• 2010

A dicycle pyrazoline derivative, 1-phenyl-5-(p-fluorophenyl)-3,4-($\alpha$-p-fluoro-tolylenecyclohexano) pyrazoline, was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV-vis, fluorescence spectra and X-ray single crystal diffraction. Density function theory (DFT) calculations were performed by using B3LYP method with 6-$311G^{**}$ basis set. The optimized geometry can well simulate the molecular structure. Vibrational frequencies were predicted, assigned and compared with the experimental values, which suggest that B3LYP/6-$311G^{**}$ method can well predict the IR spectra. Both the experimental electronic absorption spectra and the predicted ones by B3LYP/6-$311G^{**}$ method reveal three electron-transition bands, with the theoretical ones having some red shifts compared with the experimental data. Natural bond orbital analyses indicate that the absorption bands are mainly derived from the contribution of n $\rightarrow\pi^*$ and $\pi\rightarrow\pi^*$ transitions. Fluorescence spectra determination shows that the title compound can emit blue-light at about 478 nm. On the basis of vibrational analysis, the thermodynamic properties of title compound at different temperature have been calculated, revealing the correlations between $C^0_{p,m}$, $S^0_m$, $H^0_m$ and temperature.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.285-291
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• 2019

In this study, the corrosion characteristics of T22 and T92 steel were investigated in 6O₂ + 16CO₂ + 2SO₂ gas environment at 650 ℃. Corrosion characteristics were characterized by weight gain, oxide layer thickness, scanning electron microscope, optical microscope, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. T22 and T92 steel tended to stagnate oxide layer growth over time. Oxidation kinetics were analyzed using the data of oxide layer thickness, and a regression model was presented. The regression model was significantly acceptable. The corrosion rate between the two steels through the regression model showed significant difference. The T92 steel was approximately twice as large as the time exponent and showed very good corrosion resistance compared to the T22 steel. In both steels, the oxide layer mainly formed a Fe-rich oxide layer composed of hematite (Fe₂O₃), magnetite (Fe₃O₄), and spinel (FeCr₂O₄). Sulfide segregation occurred in the oxide layer due to SO₂ gas. However, the locations of segregation for the T22 and T92 steel were different.