• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.141-146
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• 1982

돈분(豚糞)을 이용(利用)하여 2회(回)에 걸친 메탄발효폐액(醱酵廃液) 상징액(上澄液)(pH:7.85, $NH_4$-N:683ppm, Ec:$8.3m{\cdot}mhos/cm$, BOD:1,000ppm내외(內外))을 지하수(地下水)로 희석(稀釋)하여 녹조류(綠藻類) 1종(種)(Scenedesmus), 좀개구리밥(Lemner minor L.) 및 Azolla 1종(種)(Azolla pinnata)을 재배(栽培)코져할 때 폐액(廃液)의 적정희석재수(適正稀釋倍数)와 희석액(稀釋液)의 교환간격(交換間隔)을 알고져 vat시험(試験)으로 실시(実施)한 결과(結果), 1. 녹조류(綠藻類) 생육(生育)에는 폐액(廃液)을 5배(倍)(접종시(接種時) $NH_4$-N:137ppm)로 희석(稀釋)하여 매(每) 8일간격(日間隔)으로 교환(交換), 좀개구리밥은 25~50배(倍)(접종시(接種時) $NH_4$-N: 7~14ppm) 희석(稀釋)하여 4일간격교환(日間隔交換), Azolla는 50배희석(倍稀釋)(접종시(接種時) $NH_4$-N:14ppm) 매(每) 4~8일(日)마다 교환시(交換時)에 생육(生育)이 제일 좋았다. 2. 녹조류(綠藻類), 좀개구리밥 및 Azolla가 생육(生育)할 시(時)에 메탄가스폐액(廃液)의 pH, Ec 및 $NH_4$-N가 감소(減少)되어 폐액(廃液)의 정화(淨化)가 촉진(促進)되었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제86권1호
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• pp.56-68
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• 1997

본 연구는 산지 물순환 과정별 수질변화를 추적하여 계류수질의 형성 과정 및 산림의 환경적 정화기능을 평가하고자 실시하였다. 팔공, 용성 및 대동의 3개 조사지에서 한 단위강우에 대한 임외우, 수관통과우, 수간류, 낙엽층류 및 계류수, 그리고 장기 계류수를 대상으로 하여 각각의 유출수량과 pH, 전기전도도, 용존산소량 및 용존원소의 농도변화를 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 계류수의 pH, 용존산소량은 유출수량의 증가에 따라 값이 상승하였으나, 전기전도도는 값이 낮아지는 것으로 나타났다. 2. 수간류 및 수관통과우의 pH는 임외우에 비해 경시적으로 낮은 값을 나타내며, EC는 강우초기에 높은 값, 그 이후는 강우시간의 경과와 함께 값이 낮아지는 경시적 변화를 보였다. 낙엽층류의 pH는 임외우에 비해 낮은 값, EC는 높은 값을 나타냈다. 계류수에 있어서 pH 동태는 강우초기에 높은 값을 나타내고 강우시간이 경과함에 따라 큰 폭으로 떨어지다가 강우종료 및 그 이후에는 초기 수준 또는 그 이상의 값으로 회복하였으나, EC는 거의 반대의 경향이 있었다. 낙엽층류 및 계류수의 DO는 강우시간의 경과에 따라 값이 점차 낮아졌으나, 임외우, 수간류 및 수관통과우에서는 경시적으로 뚜렷한 경향이 없었다. 3. 수간류 및 수관통과우에 있어서 pH는 소나무에 비해 상수리나무가 높았으나, EC는 낮은 값을 나타내었다. 양이온 총량은 상수리나무에 비해 소나무의 수간류에서 높은 값을 나타냈다. 4. 물순환의 각 과정에 있어서 pH는 낙엽층류<임내우(수간류+수관통과우)<임외우<계류수의 순으로, DO는 낙엽층류<임내우<임외강우<계류수, 그리고 EC는 임외우<계류수<임내우<낙엽층류의 크기 순으로 나타났다. 양이온 총량은 임외우<임내우<낙엽층<계류수의 크기 순으로 나타났다. 5. EC는 팔공조사지에 비해 용성조사지에서 전체적으로 높은 값을 나타내어 팔공계류수가 수질이 더 깨끗한 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 장기 계류수에 있어서 pH, DO, EC 및 양이온 총량은 월별로 각각 독특한 경시적 변화를 보였다.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.138-142
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• 2008

파프리카 수경 재배에 적합한 대체 배지 개발을 위해 코이어 배지의 종류에 따른 배지의 수분함량 및 배액의 EC 변화, 생육 및 과실 특성을 암면과 비교 시험하였다. 생육 기간 동안 암면에 비교하여 모든 코이어 배지에서 배지 내 수분함량은 높았고 섬유 50% 배지를 제외하고 배액의 EC는 낮았고, 변이계수도 작았다. 특히, 섬유 30%배지에서 수분함량과 배액 EC가 안정되었고 급격한 변화가 없었다. 초장 생육은 섬유 30%에서 다소 높은 편이었으나 큰 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 엽록소 함량과 광합성률은 암면과 섬유 50% 배지에서 높았다. 과중은 배지 종류 간 유의한 차이를 나타내지 않았고, 과형지수와 육안 상 과형은 섬유 50%배지와 암면에서 정사각형에 가까웠다. 따라서 코이어 배지를 이용한 착색단고추의 수경 재배에 있어 섬유가 $30{\sim}50%$ 혼합된 코이어 배지는 암면의 대체 배지로써 충분한 가능성을 갖고 있는 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.53-61
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• 2011

This study examined evaluation on stabilization of major and trace elements in tailings by various surface water-preventing materials. Six columns were filled with tailings of the Sinlim mine, then covered with tailings only, compacted soils, clay, soil-bentonite mixture, pozzolan and bentonite mat. After injection of artificial rain water, the leachate was sampled with times (3, 6, 9 and 12 pore volume) and analysed for major (Ca, Na, Mg, K) and trace elements (As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) by ICP-AES. With exception to pozzolan type, the pH values of leachate from the other types became stabilized from 5.5 to 7.5, and EC (electric conductivity) of leachate from them decreased with times. For the pozzolan type, however, the pH and EC of leachate increased with time due to its alkalinity producing system. Concentrations of most major and trace elements in leachate decreased and stabilized with time. Consequently, soil-bentonite mixed cover shows the best ability of water-preventing and reducing mobility of elements in tailings site.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.34-44
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• 2016

Background: Little is known about how chemical water quality is associated with ecological stream health in relation to landuse patterns in a watershed. We evaluated spatial characteristics of water quality characteristics and the ecological health of Dongjin-River basin, Korea in relation to regional landuse pattern. The ecological health was assessed by the multi-metric model of Index of Biological Integrity (IBI), and the water chemistry data were compared with values obtained from the health model. Results: Nutrient and organic matter pollution in Dongjin-River basin, Korea was influenced by land use pattern and the major point sources, so nutrients of TN and TP increased abruptly in Site 4 (Jeongeup Stream), which is directly influenced by wastewater treatment plants along with values of electric conductivity (EC), bacterial number, and sestonic chlorophyll-a. Similar results are shown in the downstream (S7) of Dongjin River. The degradation of chemical water quality in the downstream resulted in greater impairment of the ecological health, and these were also closely associated with the landuse pattern. Forest region had low nutrients (N, P), organic matter, and ionic content (as the EC), whereas urban and agricultural regions had opposite in the parameters. Linear regression analysis of the landuse (arable land; $A_L$) on chemicals indicated that values of $A_L$ had positive linear relations with TP ($R^2=0.643$, p < 0.01), TN ($R^2=0.502$, p < 0.05), BOD ($R^2=0.739$, p < 0.01), and suspended solids (SS; ($R^2=0.866$, p < 0.01), and a negative relation with TDN:TDP ratios ($R^2=0.719$, p < 0.01). Conclusions: Chemical factors were closely associated with land use pattern in the watershed, and these factors influenced the ecological health, based on the multimetric fish IBI model. Overall, the impairments of water chemistry and the ecological health in Dongjin-River basin were mainly attributes to point-sources and land-use patterns.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.51-56
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• 2005

To understand the chemical changes in the streamwater and contribution of subsurface discharge during the storm event, we analyzed electric conductivity (EC), anions, and cations in Gwangneung deciduous and coniferous forest catchment. The stream water samples were collected three times in 2004 by using an auto-sampler: September 7-9 (E040907-D and -C; where D and C indicate deciduous and coniferous forest catchment, respectively), September 11-13 (E040911-D and -C), and September 16-18 (E040916-D and -C). We found a negative relationship between discharge intensity and EC in streamwater. The E040911 and E040916 showed slack change of stream discharge in comparison to E040907 due to contribution of base flow recharged by much precipitation. Moreover, NO/sub 3//sup -/ concentrations in E040911-C were highest, which may have resulted from forest management such as thinning in 2004. The relationship between pH and alkalinity in stream water showed that much of stream water have been recharged through subsurface. We conclude that subsurface discharge highly influences streamwater quality in a forested catchment, and the seperation of stream water discharge is therefore necessary to sustainable water management.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.327-334
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• 2016

In order to compare phosphorus (P) behavior of livestock manure compost (LMC) and chemical fertilizer (CF) applied to the sea-reclaimed land soils, incubation experiments were conducted for five weeks. Four soils differing textural classes, sandy loam and clay loam, and electric conductivity (EC) value, high and low, were applied with CF and LMC. LMC was applied at the level of 0, 1, 2, and 3% on the soil weight basis and CF was applied at the same levels of P as LMC. The results showed that increase of P application rate of CF and LMC led to linearly increase available $P_2O_5$ and $0.01M\;CaCl_2$ extractable P contents regardless of soil texture and EC. However, 0.01M $CaCl_2$ extractable P from soil applied with CF was significantly higher than with LMC. Correlation analysis between $0.01M-CaCl_2$ extractable P and fractionated P by different extraction methods showed that $0.01M-CaCl_2$ extractable P positively correlated with KCl-P (soluble and exchangeable P) and HCl-P (Ca and Mg bound P). However, NaOH-P (Fe and Al bound P and organic P) and residual P was adverse. The amount of NaOH-P significantly influenced to the amount of 0.01M $CaCl_2$ extractable P of CF and LMC in the soils. The application of LMC at sandy loam soil could be carried out in the consideration of nutrient leaching and crop uptake.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2017

Background: Some plants have harmful effects on fungi and bacteria as well as other plants. Incorporating such plant into soil as green manure is effective in reducing population densities of soil pathogens. Methods and Results: Twenty-three species of green manure crops were cultivated after the harvest of 6-year-old ginseng and then incorporated into the soil at the flowering stage. The following year, the root rot ratio of 2-year-old ginseng and soil chemical properties were investigated. In the absence of green manure addition, the $NO_3$ content, electric conductivity (EC), and K content decreased by 95%, 79% and 65%, respectively. In the presence of green manure addition, $P_2O_5$ and $NO_3$ contents reduced by 41% and 25%, respectively. The "survived root ratio" of 2-year-old ginseng significantly increased by 56.2%, 47.5%, and 47.3%, in the Sorghum sudanense, Ricinus communis and Helianthus tuberosus treatment, respectively. In addition, there was a significant increase in the "survived root ratio" in the Secale cereale, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Atractylodes macrocephala, and Smallanthus sonchifolius treatments. The "survived root ratio" of ginseng showed a significant positive correlation with the soil pH and a negative correlation with the $NO_3$ contents, and EC. Conclusions: Cultivation of plant form the Chrysanthemum family as green manure, using mainly the rhizomes was effective for the control of root rot disease of ginseng.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.123-128
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• 2012

A two year study was conducted on the effects of composted pig manure applications on organically managed intermediate-day onion ($Allium$ $cepa$ L.) with mid-season production. The manure application rates were 0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 $ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, and accompanied by organic fertilizer with 240 $kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ nitrogen for all treatments. There was a positive linear effect on the marketable bulb yield with increasing applications of pig manure. However, pig manure rates of 6.0 or 8.0 $ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ did not affect the marketable yields or bulb weights at harvest. There was no significant difference between pig manure application rates and mineral concentration or nutrient uptake in onion bulbs. Soil pH and electric conductivity (EC) were lower at harvest compared to preplant soil, while exchangeable potassium and calcium contents increased at harvest. However, there were no significant effects on soil pH, EC, and organic matter or exchangeable cations caused by different pig manure application rates. Mineralized $NO_3$-N content was not affected by pig manure application rates except at transplanting and 129 day after transplanting. Based on the results of this study, when organic fertilizer is applied at a rate of 240 $kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ N, 6.0 $ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ composted pig manure should be adequate for producing onions using an organic production system.

• 대한지하수환경학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.203-209
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• 1998

The quality of groundwater used for natural mineral water should be strictly regulated on international level by hydrogeology experts and officials because groundwater is greatly subjected to contaminations and its aquifer system may be easily destroyed by external reasons. A total of 18 natural mineral water plants exist in Precambrian metamorphic terrains of the Gyunggi massif and Yeungam massif. The g개undwater quality for the natural mineral water investigated in hydrochemical aspects shows that pH ranges from 6.85 to 8.02 with an average of 7.52. The electric conductivity (EC) and hardness average 134.1 $\mu$S/cm and 43.5, respectively, which are relatively low to the total average (151.4 $\mu$S/cm and 57.9). The contents of major cations and anions are in the order of $Ca^{2＋}$＞$Na^{＋}$＞Mg$^{2＋}$＞K$^{＋}$ and HCO$_3$$^{-}$ ＞SO$_4$$^{2－}$ ＞Cl$^{-}$ ＞F$^{-}$ , respectively. The dominant water types determined by Piper diagram are $Ca^{2＋}$－$Na^{＋}$－HCO$^{-}$ $_3$and $Ca^{2＋}$-HCO$^{-}$ $_3$, mainly due to the dissolution of plagioclase in the host rocks. Representative correlation coefficients between chemical species are $Ca^{2＋}$－HCO$^{-}$ $_3$(0.92), $Ca^{2＋}$－Cl$^{-}$ (0.63), $Na^{＋}$－F$^{-}$ (0.67), HCO$^{-}$ $_3$－Cl$^{-}$ (0.66), and $Na^{＋}$－HCO$^{-}$ $_3$(0.63). The determinative. coefficients between $Ca^{2＋}$ and HCO$^{-}$ $_3$, and (Ca$^{2＋}$＋$Na^{＋}$＋K$^{＋}$ and EC art highest among the elements. According to the saturation index, most chemical species are undersaturated with respect to major minerals, except for some silica phases. In viewpoint of phase equilibrium, the chemical evolution of the groundwater may continue to proceed with increasing pH because the groundwater is undersaturated with respect to feldspars.