• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 2015

As environmental concerns including climate change drive the strong regulations for car exhaust emissions, electric vehicles attract the public eye. The purpose of this study is to identify rural areas vulnerable for charging infrastructures based on the spatial distributions of the current gas stations and provide the target dissemination rates for promoting electric cars. In addition, we develop various scenarios for finding optimal way to expand the charging infrastructures through the administrative districts data including 11,677 gas stations, the number of whole national gas stations. Gas stations for charging infrastructures are randomly selected using the Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) method. Evaluation criteria for vulnerability assessment include five considering the characteristic of rural areas. The optimal penetration rate is determined to 21% in rural areas considering dissemination efficiency. To reduce the vulnerability, the charging systems should be strategically installed in rural areas considering geographical characteristics and regional EV demands.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.1027-1037
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• 2012

With response to the critical issue of global warming, Smart Grid system has been extensively investigated as next efficient power grid system. Domestically, Korean is trying to expand the usage of Electric Vehicles (EVs) and the charging infrastructure in order to replace the current transportation using fossil fuels holding 20% of overall CO2 emission. The EVs charging infrastructures are combined with IT technologies to build intelligent environments but have considerable number of cyber security issues because of its inherent nature of the technologies. This work not only provides logical architecture of EV charging infrastructures with security threats based on them but also analyses security requirements against security threats in order to overcome the adversarial activities to Smart Grid.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.39-44
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• 2013

As the use of electric vehicles perspectively increases, infrastructures for charging car batteries need to be properly planned for satisfying new requirements. This study aimed at theoretically investigating the relative laws, size of existing parking lots, and diverse car sizes for suggesting parking places for electric vehicles. In addition, potential problems for changing existing parking lots to new parking lots for electric vehicles were thoroughly considered. Based on the problem recognition, the feasibility, in particular, of the change of existing parking place to new place equipped with electricity charging systems was investigated. The comprehensive reviews and surveys revealed that additional systems for charging electricity need to be developed to be suspended on the ceiling for existing parking lots in order to prevent changing current layout of the space. This system will alleviate the perspective problems when the charging systems are located on the floor such as contamination, electric shock, and damage by cars. Further study will be followed for testing performance of the suggested systems in the actual parking lots.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.81-91
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• 2012

The world has been replacing fast fossil fuels vehicles with electric vehicles(EVs) to cope with climate change. The government set a goal which EVs will be substitute at least 10% of the domestic small vehicles with EVs until 2020, and will try to build electric charging infrastructures in apartments with the revision the law of 'the housing construction standards'. In apartments the EVs charging infrastructure and parking space is, essential to accomplish the goal. But the studies on EVs demand are few. In this study, we predicted that the demand for EVs using time-series analysis of statistical data, survey results for apartments residents in the metropolitan area. As a result, the ratio of the EVs appeared to be 6~21% for the total vehicles in a rental apartments for the years 2020, 21~39% in apartments for sales. For the EVs, the maximum power required for 1,000 households in rental apartment is predicted to be about 4200 kwh on a daily basis, while the maximum power in the apartment for sales is predicted to be 7800kwh.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.137-143
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• 2014

Car exhaust emissions are recognized as one of the key sources for climate change and electric vehicles have no emissions from tailpipe. However, the limited charging infrastructures could restrict the propagation of electric vehicles. The purpose of this study is to find the vulnerable districts limited to the charging station services after meeting the goal of Ministry of Knowledge Economy(12%). We assumed that the charging service can be provided by current gas stations. The range of the vulnerable grades was determined by the accessibility to current gas stations and the vulnerable regions were classified considering the optimal number of charging stations estimated by the efficiency function. We used 4,827 sub-municipal divisions and 11,677 gas station locations for this analysis. The results show that most of mountain areas are vulnerable and the fringe areas of large cities generally get a good grade for the charging infrastructure. The gangwon-do, jeollanam-do, gyeongsangbuk-do, and chungcheongnam-do include more than 40% vulnerable districts.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.60-70
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• 2011

Vehicle location detection and wireless communication method have be designed along the same lines as GPS, CDMA and WLAN, which is based upon the selecting factors such as state-of-art technology trend, accuracy, stability, and economic feasibility, in order to select the optimum method of information communication networks for integrated "Transportation-Power-Facilities" on the electric bus. In addition, the key features of each alternative for an efficient linkage have been review and the integration methodology for linking among Transportation Charging Center, Transportation(ITS, BIS) Center and smart Grid Center has been drawn up based on a technical level of difficulty of each alternative, political and administrative difficulties, and expense justification.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Systems Engineering
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.140-148
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• 2022

Hydrogen is expected to be widely applied in most sectors within the current energy system, such as transportation and logistics, and is expected to be economically and technologically utilized as a power source to achieve vehiclebon emission reduction. In particular, the construction of hydrogen charging station infrastructure will not only support the distribution of hydrogen electric vehicles, but also play an important role in building a hydrogen logistics system. Therefore, This paper suggest additional charging infrastructure areas in Seoul with a focus on supply according to the annual average growth rate (CAGR), centering on Seoul, where hydrogen vehicles are most widely distributed. As of February 2022, hydrogen charging infrastructures were installed in Gangseo-gu, Gangdong-gu, Mapo-gu, Jung-gu, and Seocho-gu in downtown Seoul. Next, looking at the number of hydrogen vehicles by administrative dong in Seoul from 2018 to 2022, Seocho-gu has the most with 246 as of 2022, and Dongjak-gu has the highest average growth rate of 215.4% with a CAGR of 215.4%. Therefore, as a result of CAGR analysis, Dongjak-gu is expected to supply the most hydrogen vehicles in the future, and Seocho-gu currently has the most hydrogen vehicles, so it is likely that additional hydrogen charging infrastructure will be needed between Dongjak-gu and Seocho-gu.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.452-460
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• 2014

Due to increased concerns for rising oil prices and environmental problems, various solutions have been proposed for solving energy problems through tightening environmental regulations such as those regarding $CO_2$ reduction. Among them, Electrical Vehicles (EVs) are evaluated to be the most realistic and effective approach. Accordingly, research and development on EVs and charging infrastructures are mainly proceeding in developed countries. Since EVs operate using electric energy form a battery, they must be connected to the power system to charge the battery. If many EVs are connected during a short time, power quality problems can occur such as voltage sag, voltage unbalance and harmonics which are generated from power electronics devices. Therefore, when EVs are charged, it is necessary to analyze the effect of power quality on the distribution system, because EVs will gradually replace gasoline vehicles, and the number of EVs will be increased. In this paper, a battery for EVs and a PWM converter are modeled using an ElectroMagnetic Transient Program (EMTP). The voltage sag and unbalance are evaluated when EVs are connected to the distribution system of the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO). The simulation results are compared with IEEE standards.