• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.333-352
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• 2017

A comparison study is made between the dynamic properties of an argillaceous siltstone and its grouting-reinforced body. The purpose is to investigate how grout injection can help repair broken soft rocks. A slightly weathered argillaceous siltstone is selected, and part of the siltstone is mechanically crushed and cemented with Portland cement to simulate the grouting-reinforced body. Core specimens with the size of $50mm{\times}38mm$ are prepared from the original rock and the grouting-reinforced body. Impact tests on these samples are then carried out using a Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) apparatus. Failure patterns are analyzed and geotechnical parameters of the specimens are estimated. Based on the experimental results, for the grouting-reinforced body, its shock resistance is poorer than that of the original rock, and most cracks happen in the cementation boundaries between the cement mortar and the original rock particles. It was observed that the grouting-reinforced body ends up with more fragmented residues, most of them have larger fractal dimensions, and its dynamic strength is generally lower. The mass ratio of broken rocks to cement has a significant effect on its dynamic properties and there is an optimal ratio that the maximum dynamic peak strength can be achieved. The dynamic strain-softening behavior of the grouting-reinforced body is more significant compared with that of the original rock. Both the time dependent damage model and the modified overstress damage model are equally applicable to the original rock, but the former performs much better compared with the latter for the grouting-reinforced body. In addition, it was also shown that water content and impact velocity both have significant effect on dynamic properties of the original rock and its grouting-reinforced body. Higher water content leads to more small broken rock pieces, larger fractal dimensions, lower dynamic peak strength and smaller elastic modulus. However, the water content plays a minor role in fractal dimensions when the impact velocity is beyond a certain value. Higher impact loading rate leads to higher degree of fragmentation and larger fractal dimensions both in argillaceous siltstone and its grouting-reinforced body. These results provide a sound basis for the quantitative evaluation on how cement grouting can contribute to the repair of broken soft rocks.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.217-231
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• 2012

The flexural behavior of HSB I-girder with a non-slender web attributed to inelastic lateral-torsional buckling under uniform bending was investigated using nonlinear finite element analysis of ABAQUS. The girder was assumed to have a compact or noncompact web in order to prevent premature bend-buckling of the web. The unbraced length of the girder was selected so that inelastic lateral-torsional buckling governs the ultimate flexural strength. The compression flange was also assumed to be either compact or noncompact to prevent local buckling of the elastic flange. Both homogeneous sections fabricated from HSB600 or HSB800 steel and hybrid sections with HSB800 flanges and SM570-TMC web were considered. In the FE analysis, the flanges and web of I-girder were modeled as thin shell elements. Initial imperfections and residual stresses were imposed on the FE model. An elasto-plastic strain hardening material was assumed for steel. After establishing the validity of the present FE analysis by comparing FE results with test results in existing literature, the effects of initial imperfection and residual stress on the inelastic lateral-torsional buckling behavior were analyzed. Finite element analysis results for 96 sections demonstrated that the current inelastic strength equations for the compression flange in AASHTO LTFD can be applied to predict the inelastic lateral torsional buckling strength of homogeneous and hybrid HSB I-girders with a non-slender web.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.289-298
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• 2016

An experimental research was performed using fibers for the purpose of retrofitting existing reinforced concrete circular columns. Glass fiber (GF) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were used as well as combined GF+PET (HF). PET has high tensile strength (over 600 MPa) and high ductility (about 15%), but has very low elastic modulus (about 1/6 of GF). A total of four columns was tested against laterally applied reverse cyclic load: control column, GF-, PET-, and HF-strengthened columns. All columns retrofitted using fibers demonstrated improved moment capacity and ductility. Moment capacity of GF-, PET-, and HF-strengthened columns was 120%, 107%, and 120% of the control column, respectively. Drift ratio of all retrofitted columns also increased by 63 ~ 83% over the control column. The final failure mode of the control column was main bar buckling. The final failure mode of the GF- and HF-strengthened columns was GF rupture while that of the PET-strengthened column was main bar rupture in tension. No damage was observed for PET at the ultimate stage due to excellent strain capacity intrinsic to PET. Current test results indicate that PET can be effectively used for seismic retrofit of RC columns. It is noted that the durability characteristics of PET needs to be investigated in the future.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.419-434
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• 2020

In this study, the damage parameters of Mazars model for KURT (KAERI Underground Research Tunnel) granite are measured form uniaxial compressive and Brazilian tests under the simulated coupled condition of a deep geological disposal. The tests are conducted in three different temperatures (15℃, 45℃, and 75℃) and dry/saturated conditions. Major model parameters such as maximum effective tensile strain (𝜖_d0), A_t, B_t, A_c, and B_c differ from the typical reference values of concrete specimens. This is likely due to the difference in elastic modulus between rock and concrete. It is found that the saturation of specimens causes an increase in value of B_t and B_c while, the rise in temperature increases 𝜖_d0 and B_t and decreases B_c. The damage model obtained from this study will be used as the primary input parameters in the development of coupled Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Damage numerical model in KAERI.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.423-430
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• 2013

In this research, a paramteric study to account for the effect of interfacial strength and nanotube agglomeration on the elastoplastic behavior of carbon nanotube reinforced polypropylene composites is performed. At first, the elastoplastic behavior of nanocomposites is predicted from molecular dynamics(MD) simulations. By combining the MD simulation results with the nonlinear micromechanics model based on the Mori-Tanaka model, a two-step domain decomposition method is applied to inversely identify the elastoplastic behavior of adsorption interphase zone inside nanocomposites. In nonlinear micromechanics model, the secant moduli method combined with field fluctuation method is used to predict the elastoplastic behavior of nanocomposites. To account for the imperfect material interface between nanotube and matrix polymer, displacement discontinuity condition is applied to the micromechanics model. Using the elastoplastic behavior of the adsorption interphase zone obtained from the present study, stress-strain relation of nanocomposites at various interfacial bonding condition and local nanotube agglomeration is predicted from nonlinear micromechanics model with and without the adsorption interphase zone. As a result, it has been found that local nanotube agglomeration is the most important design factor to maximize reinforcing effect of nanotube in elastic and plastic behavior.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.6 no.3 s.21
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• pp.9-15
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• 2004

The cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures is generally evaluated by measuring a single parameter (i.e., Tensile strength, Stiffness). However, the use of a single parameter has been questioned in the evaluation of asphalt mixture cracking performance. The focus of this study was to clearly identify the key properties and characteristics associated with the cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures. Results of fracture, creep, and strength tests at multiple loading rates performed on the modified and unmodified mixtures showed that the mixture cracking resistance was primarily affected by the rate of micro-damage accumulation. This was reflected in the m-value, without affecting the fracture energy limit. It was also observed that the short loading time (elastic) stiffness alone could not differentiate the mixture cracking resistance of the mixtures. It was concluded that the key to characterize the cracking resistance of asphalt mixture is in the evaluation of the combined effects of creep and failure limits. It was also found that a residual dissipated energy parameter measured from Superpave IDT strength test gave the quick and useful way to distinguish the difference of cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures. Failure strain in the longer-term creep test appeared to be a useful parameter for evaluating the combined effects of creep and failure limits of asphalt mixtures.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.259-267
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• 2004

A finite element method is used to simulate interaction of laser-based ultrasounds with surface breaking tracks in elastic media. The laser line source focused on the surface of semi-infinite medium is modeled as a shear dipole in 2-D plane strain finite elements. The shear dipole-finite clement model is found to give correct directivity patterns for generated longitudinal and shear waves. The interaction of surface waves with surface breaking cracks (2-D machined slot) is considered in two ways. Both the source and receiver are fixed with respect to the cracks in the first case, while the source is moving in another case. It is shown that the crack depth tested in the range of 0.3-5.0mm $({\lambda}_R/d=0.21{\sim}3.45)$ can be measured using the corner reflected waves produced by the fixed laser source. The moving laser source is found to cause a large amplitude change of reflected waves near crack, and the crack whose depth is one order lower than the wavelength ran be detected from this change.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.535-546
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• 2011

In this paper, semi-rigid elasto-plastic post-buckling analysis of a space frame was performed using various explicit arc-length methods. Various explicit arc-length methodsand a large-deformation and small-strain elasto-plastic 3D space frame element with semi-rigid connections and plastic hinges were developed. This element can be appliedto both explicit and implicit numerical algorithms. In this study, the Dynamic Relaxation method was adopted in the predictor and corrector processesto formulate an explicit arc-length algorithm. The developed "explicit-predictor" or "explicit-corrector" were used in the elasto-plastic post-buckling analysis. The Eulerian equations for a beam-column with finite rotation, which considers the bowing effects, were adopted for the elastic system and extended to theinelastic system with a plastic hinge concept. The derived tangent stiffness matrix was asymmetrical due to the finite rotation. The joint connection elements were introduced for semi-rigidity using a static condensation technique. Semi-rigid elasto-plastic post-buckling analyses were carried out to demonstrate the potential of the developed explicit arc-length method and advanced space frame element in terms of accuracy and efficiency.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.280-287
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• 2003

To evaluate the practical application of oyster shells(OS) as construction materials, an experimental study was performed. More specifically, the long-term mechanical properties and durability of concrete blended with oyster shells were investigated. Test results indicate that long-term strength of concrete blended with 10% oyster shells is almost identical to that of normal concrete. However, the long-term strength of concrete blended with 20% oyster shells is appreciably lower than that of normal concrete. Thereby, concrete with higher oyster shell blend has the possibility of negatively influencing the concrete long-term strength. Elastic modulus of concrete blended with crushed oyster shells decreases as the blending mixture rate increases. Namely, the modulus is reduced to approximately 10∼15% when oyster shells are blended up to 20% as the fine aggregate. The drying shrinkage strain increases with an increasing crushed oyster shells substitution rate. In addition, the existing model code of drying shrinkage and creep do not coincide with the test results of this study. An adequate prediction equation needs to be developed. The utilization of oyster shells as the fine aggregate in concrete has an insignificant effect on fleering and thawing resistance, carbonation and chemical attack of concrete. However, water permeability is considerably improved.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.145-153
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• 2003

The resonant column testing determines the shear modulus and material damping factor dependent on the shear strain magnitude, based on the wave-propagation theory. The determination of the dynamic soil properties requires the theoretical formulation of the dynamic behavior of the resonant column testing system. One of the theoretical formulations is the use of the wave equation for the soil specimen in the resonant column testing device. Wood, Richart and Hall derived the wave equation by assuming the linear elastic soil, and didn't take the material damping into consideration. Hardin incorporated the viscoelastic damping of soil in the wave equation, but he had to assume the material damping factor for the determination of the shear modulus. For the better theoretical formulation of the resonant column testing, this study derived a new wave equation to include the viscosity of soil, and proposed an approach for the solution. Also, in this study, the equation of motion for the testing system, which is another approach of the theoretical formulation of the resonant column testing, was also derived. The equation of motion leads to the better understanding of the resonant column testing, which includes the dynamic magnification factor and the phase angle of the response. For the verification of the proposed equation of motion for the resonant column testing, the finite element analysis was performed for the resonant column testing. The comparison of the dynamic magnification factors and the phase angles far the system response were performed.