• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.1143-1179
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• 2016

Offshore wind turbines are considered as a fundamental part to develop substantial, alternative energy sources. In this highly flexible structures, monopiles are usually used as support foundations. Since the monopiles are large diameter (3.5 to 7 m) deep foundations, they result in extremely stiff short monopiles where the slenderness (length to diameter) may range between 5 and 10. Consequently, their elastic deformation patterns under lateral loading differ from those of small diameter monopiles usually employed for supporting structures in offshore oil and gas industry. For this reason, design recommendations (API and DNV) are not appropriate for designing foundations for offshore wind turbine structures as they have been established on the basis of full-scale load tests on long, slender and flexible piles. Furthermore, as these facilities are very sensitive to rotations and dynamic changes in the soil-pile system, the accurate prediction of monopile head displacement and rotation constitutes a design criterion of paramount importance. In this paper, the Fourier Series Aided Finite Element Method (FSAFEM) is employed for the determination of static impedance functions of monopiles for OWT subjected to horizontal force and/or to an overturning moment, where a non-homogeneous soil profile has been considered. On the basis of an extensive parametric study, and in order to address the problem of head stiffness of short monopiles, approximate analytical formulae are obtained for lateral stiffness $K_L$, rotational stiffness $K_R$ and cross coupling stiffness $K_{LR}$ for both rough and smooth interfaces. Theses expressions which depend only on the values of the monopile slenderness $L/D_p$ rather than the relative soil/monopile rigidity $E_p/E_s$ usually found in the offshore platforms designing codes (DNV code for example) have been incorporated in the expressions of the OWT natural frequency of four wind farm sites. Excellent agreement has been found between the computed and the measured natural frequencies.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.127-143
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• 2014

LOCA (Loss Of Coolant Accident) is one of the most important utmost accidents for Prestressed Concrete Containment Vessel (PCCV) due to its coupled effect of high temperature and inner pressure. In this paper, heat conduction analysis is used to obtain the LOCA temperature distribution of PCCV. Then the elastic internal force of PCCV under LOCA temperature is analyzed by using both simplified theoretical method and FEM (finite element methods) method. Considering the coupled effect of LOCA temperature, a nonlinear elasto-plasitic analysis is conducted for PCCV under utmost internal pressure considering three failure criteria. Results show that the LOCA temperature distribution is strongly nonlinear along the shell thickness at the early time; the moment result of simplified analysis is well coincident with the one of numerical analysis at weak constraint area; while in the strong constrained area, the value of moments and membrane forces fluctuate dramatically; the simplified and numerical analysis both show that the maximum moment occurs at 6hrs after LOCA.; the strain of PCCV under LOCA temperature is larger than the one of no temperature under elasto-plastic analysis; the LOCA temperature of 6hrs has the greatest influence on the ultimate bearing capacity with 8.43% decrease for failure criteria 1 and 2.65% decrease for failure criteria 3.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.227-236
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• 2015

양호한 암반조건이나 균질한 점토지반 등 불투수성 지반의 경우에도 불연속면에 의하여 수압이 작용될 수 있으므로, 설계시 지반조건에 상관없이 수압조건을 고려하고 있다. 그러나, 세그먼트 라이닝의 형상이 원형임에 따라 수압을 고려하는 경우가 오히려 라이닝에 발생되는 부재력을 감소시킬 수가 있으므로, 고수압 조건에서는 이에 대한 설계개념정립이 중요하다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 고수압의 불투수성 지반조건에서 하중조건 및 하중조합에 따른 부재력 크기 등을 비교함으로서, 세그먼트 라이닝 설계시 합리적이고 적절한 설계개념에 대하여 서술하였다.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.617-628
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• 2018

Steel shear wall possesses priority over many of the current lateral load-bearing systems due to reasons like higher elastic stiffness, desirable ductility and energy absorption, convenience in construction and implementation technology, and economic criteria. Besides these advantages, this system causes increase in the dimensions of other structural elements due to its high stiffness as one of its intrinsic characteristics. One of the methods for stiffness reduction is perforating the wall panel and creating openings in the wall that can also be used as windows or ducts in buildings service period. The aim of the present study is probing the appropriate geometric shape and location of opening to fulfil economic criterion plus technical and seismic design criteria. In the present research, a number of possible while reasonable opening shapes and locations are defined in various sizes for some steel shear wall specimens. The specimens are modelled in ABAQUS finite elements software and analyzed using nonlinear pushover analysis. Finally, the analyses' results are reported as force-displacement diagrams and the strength, the initial stiffness and the energy absorption are calculated for all specimens and compared together. The obtained results show that both shape and location of the openings affect the seismic parameters of the shear wall. The specimens in which the openings are further from the center and closer to the columns possess higher stiffness and strength while the specimens in which the openings are closer to the center show more considerable changes in their seismic parameters in response to increase in opening area.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.141-147
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• 2013

Ultrasonic shears is currently in wide use as an energy device for minimal invasive surgery. There is an advantage of minimizing the carbonization behavior of the tissue due to the vibrational energy transfer system of the transducer by applying a piezoelectric ceramic. However, the vibrational energy transfer system has a pitfall in energy consumption. When the movement of the forceps is interrupted by the tissue, the horn which transfers the vibrational energy of the transducer will be affected. A study was performed to recognize different tissues by measuring the impedance of the transducer of the ultrasonic shears in order to find the factor of energy consumption according to the tissue. In the first stage of the study, the voltage and current of the transducer connecting portion were measured, along with the phase changes. Subsequently, in the second stage, the impedance of the transducer was directly measured. In the final stage, using the handpiece, we grasped the tissue and observed the impedance differences appeared in the transducer To verify the proposed tissue distinguishing method, we used the handpiece to apply a force between 5N and 10N to pork while increasing the value of the impedance of the transducer from 400 ${\Omega}$.. It was found that fat and skin tissue, tendon, liver and protein all have different impedance values of 420 ${\Omega}$, 490 ${\Omega}$, 530 ${\Omega}$, and 580 ${\Omega}$, respectively. Thus, the impedance value can be used to distinguish the type of tissues grasped by the forceps. In the future study, this relationship will be used to improve the energy efficiency of ultrasonic shears.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.1255-1276
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• 2015

The importance of considering soil-structure interaction effect in the analysis and design of RC frame buildings is increasingly recognized but still not penetrated to the grass root level owing to various complexities involved. It is well established fact that the soil-structure interaction effect considerably influence the design of multi-storey buildings subjected to lateral seismic loads. The shear walls are often provided in such buildings to increase the lateral stability to resist seismic lateral loads. In the present work, the linear soil-structure analysis of a G+5 storey RC shear wall building frame resting on isolated column footings and supported by deformable soil is presented. The finite element modelling and analysis is carried out using ANSYS software under normal loads as well as under seismic loads. Various load combinations are considered as per IS-1893 (Part-1):2002. The interaction analysis is carried out with and without shear wall to investigate the effect of inclusion of shear wall on the total and differential settlements in the footings due to deformations in the soil mass. The frame and soil mass both are considered to behave in linear elastic manner. It is observed that the soil-structure interaction effect causes significant total and differential settlements in the footings. Maximum total settlement in footings occurs under vertical loads and inner footings settle more than outer footings creating a saucer shaped settlement profile of the footings. Each combination of seismic loads causes maximum differential settlement in one or more footings. Presence of shear wall decreases pulling/pushing effect of seismic forces on footings resulting in more stability to the structures.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.315-326
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• 2004

터널 주변지반에 다양한 형태로 존재하는 불연속면이 터널 라이닝의 거동에 미치는 영향을 규명하기 위해, 주절리의 각도와 지반의 측압조건을 변화시켜가면서 실내모형실험을 수행하였다. 실험결과, 터널라이닝에 발생하는 축력은 터널 주변지반에 존재하는 절리의 방향 및 위치에 따라 대체로 감소하는 경향을 나타내며, 이러한 경향은 측압계수가 증가함에 따라 더욱 두드러진 양상을 보이고 있다. 또한 절리각도에 따라 터널라이닝에 발생하는 최대변위와 최대응력의 발생위치가 달라지며, 절리의 영향으로 측압계수가 증가함에 따라 접선응력과 법선응력이 최대 20배 이상의 차이를 보이며, 전반적으로 터널 라이닝에는 인장응력이 집중되는 경향을 탄성이론을 통해 확인하였다.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.175-181
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• 2016

이 논문에서는 해상에서의 환경 하중과 외력을 고려한 해상 크레인의 상하 동요 보상 시스템에 대해 연구한 내용을 소개한다. 이를 위해 강체라 가정된 해상 크레인과 유압 구동식 윈치, 탄성력을 갖는 로프, 그리고 로프 끝단의 중량물로 구성된 동역학 모델을 먼저 살펴본다. 중량물의 상하 동요 움직임을 보상하기 위해, PD 제어를 적용했다. PD 제어 결과 진동폭이 줄어듬을 확인할 수 있다. 또한, 해상에서의 외란을 예측하여 시간 지연 값을 갖는 예측값을 활용한 제어 알고리즘을 적용해, 상하동요 폭이 줄어듬을 확인할 수 있다. 결과적으로, 0.1초의 시간 지연값 만을 갖고 있어도 상하동요 보상시스템에서 충분히 제어 알고리즘으로써 활용할 수 있음을 볼 수 있다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.343-350
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• 2013

Instant krill gruel was produced using peeled Antarctic krill Euphausia superba as a high nutritional ingredient and the food quality was investigated. The food quality of krill gruel was examined by measuring proximate composition, cholesterol, calorie, Hunter color value, total amino acids, fatty acids, fluoride, viscoelastic properties, and by sensory evaluation. The krill gruel had a moisture content of 87% and a pH of 6.65. The krill gruel contained 51 kcal/100 g, and 0.1% fat and 3.5 mg/100 g cholesterol. Its fatty acid composition exhibited high levels of unsaturated fatty acids. The levels of oleic acid and linolenic acid were high, and n-3, n-6, and n-9 fatty acid contents ranged from 1% to 6%. The total amino acid content was 2132 mg/100 g, and the levels of glutamic acid, aspartic acid, leucine, alanine, and arginine were particularly high. Essential amino acids accounted for over 30% of the total amino acids. Fluoride level in the krill gruel was 3.07 mg/kg. The viscoelastic properties of the krill gruel were determined as 6.28 Pa at shear stress of 2.51 Pa. In the recovery test, the elastic restoring force after deformation was low.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
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• 제50권9호
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• pp.427-433
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• 2001

A linear ultrasonic motor was designed by a combination of the first longitudinal and fourth bending mode, and the motor consisted of a straight aluminum alloys bar bonded with a piezoelectric ceramic element as a driving element. That is,$L_1-B_4$ linear ultrasonic motor can be constructed by a multi-mode vibrator of longitudinal and bending modes. Linear ultrasonic motors are based on an elliptical motion on the surface elastic body, such as bar or plates. In general, the natural resonance frequency of the stator is used as a driving frequency of the motor which provides a large elliptical motion. The corresponding eigenmode of one resonance frequency can be excited twice at the same time with a Phase shift of 90 degrees in space and time. And the rotation can be reversed by changing the phase between the two signals from sin$\omega$t to cos$\omega$t. Moreover, the tangential force pushes the slider(rotor) and, therefore, determines the thrust and speed of the motor. The experimental results of fabrication motors, bimorph-tyPe motor showed more excellent than unimorph-type. The maximum speed of TBL-200, TBL-300, TBL-400, TBL -220, TBL-310 and TBL-420 motors were 0.12, 0.37, 0.39, 0.14, 0.55 and $0.60ms6{-1}$, respectively. And the efficiency were reported 1.15, 7.9, 6.6, 2.36, 10.1 and 16.5%, respectively. That time, output thrust of the motor was a strong(1~2N) and the weight of stator was a lightness(5~7g).