• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.487-494
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• 2020

선원과 검출기 사이의 거리, 검출기 지름, 방사선원의 부피 효과 등에 의해 검출기 입사면에서 입체각(solid angle)의 변화가 생기고 이는 검출기 내부에서의 경로 길이(path length) 차이를 유발하여 검출효율 결정에 영향을 미친다. 유효입체각 계산을 위한 일반적인 분석 방법은 단순한 기하학적 구조를 가진 선원 (60Co)에만 유용하여 본 실험에서는 검출기와 선원 간 거리 window cap 0.5 cm 기준점으로 하여 25 cm 까지 이동 시 켜면서 측정하였다. 또한 표준부피선원 450 ㎖, 1000 ㎖ 마리넬리 비이커는 검출기에 밀착 시켜 측정하였다. 검출기와 동축인 원형 점선원의 경우, 검출기 창으로부터의 거리에 대한 입체 각도의 변화를 측정치와 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션으로 계산 분석 관계의 결과 검출기의 반지름이 선원의 반지름보다 작을 경우, 입체 각도는 선원의 제곱 반지름 대 검출기의 제곱 반지름의 절반과 같다. 입체 각도의 차이는 0.53가 되므로 몬테카를로의 결과는 허용된다. 검출기-선원 간 거리의 역수와의 관계를 나타내었다. 입체각도는 거리에 따라 급격하게 감소함을 확인하였다. 부피선원에 대한 측정치와 시뮬레이션 결과는 거리 0 cm에서 1.01 %이며 거리가 5 cm, 10 cm로 멀어지면 4 % 미만의 차이를 보인다. 거리가 10 cm 일 때 처음으로 계산결과가 측정 결과보다 작아진다. 이는 거리가 멀어질수록 입체각이 작아지고, 에너지가 낮아질수록 감쇠효과가 지수 함수적으로 증가하는 원리가 효율의 계산에 반영되는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 따라서 검출효율은 고체 각도 및 몬테카를로 코드를 사용하기에 충분함을 입증하였다.

• 한국원자력학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국원자력학회 2001년도 춘계학술발표회요약집
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• pp.432.1-432
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• 2001

• 한국자기공명학회논문지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.127-139
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• 1999

In this paper we discussed how multiple quantum coherences evolve in the presence of anisotropic distribution of dipolar couplings. The magnitude of dipolar couplings were varied by changing the tile angle of crystal axis. The stronger was dipolar coupling, the higher was frequency of multiple quantum coherence. That is, the order of multiple quantum coherence varies in proportion to the magnitude of dipolar couplings. The theoretical prediction for the multiple quantum coherence at magic angle 54.7$^{\circ}$ in solid NMR spectroscopy was verified in this study. The excitation pattern of n-quantum coherence, which can induce the effective size to characterize spin system, is expected in a larger and more complicated spin system for understanding of the relation of dipolar coupling and multiple quantum coherence.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.1421-1430
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• 2022

The computation of the solid angle and the detector efficiency is considering to be one of the most important factors during the measuring process for the radioactivity, especially the cylindrical γ-ray NaI(Tl) detectors nowadays have applications in several fields such as industry, hazardous for health, the gamma-ray radiation detectors grow to be the main essential instruments in radiation protection sector. In the present work, a generic numerical simulation method (NSM) for calculating the efficiency of the γ-ray spectrometry setup is established. The formulas are suitable for any type of source-to-detector shape and can be valuable to determine the full-energy peak and the total efficiencies and P/T ratio of cylindrical γ-ray NaI(Tl) detector setup concerning the truncated conical radioactive source. This methodology is based on estimate the path length of γ-ray radiation inside the detector active medium, inside the source itself, and the self-attenuation correction factors, which typically use to correct the sample attenuation of the original geometry source. The calculations can be completed in general by using extra reasonable and complicate analytical and numerical techniques than the standard models; especially the effective solid angle, and the detector efficiency have to be calculated in case of the truncated conical radioactive source studied condition. Moreover, the (NSM) can be used for the straight calculations of the γ-ray detector efficiency after the computation of improvement that need in the case of γ-γ coincidence summing (CS). The (NSM) confirmation of the development created by the efficiency transfer method has been achieved by comparing the results of the measuring truncated conical radioactive source with certified nuclide activities with the γ-ray NaI(Tl) detector, and a good agreement was obtained after corrections of (CS). The methodology can be unlimited to find the theoretical efficiencies and modifications equivalent to any geometry by essential sufficiently the physical selective considered situation.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권10호
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• pp.3421-3430
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• 2021

Spherical NaI(Tl) detectors are used in gamma-ray spectrometry, where the gamma emissions come from the nuclei with energies in the range from a few keV up to 10 MeV. A spherical detector is aimed to give a good response to photons, which depends on their direction of travel concerning the detector center. Some distortions in the response of a gamma-ray detector with a different geometry can occur because of the non-uniform position of the source from the detector surface. The present work describes the calibration of a NaI(Tl) spherical detector using both an experimental technique and a numerical simulation method (NSM). The NSM is based on an efficiency transfer method (ETM, calculating the effective solid angle, the total efficiency, and the full-energy peak efficiency). Besides, there is a high probability for a source-to-detector distance less than 15 cm to have pulse coincidence summing (CS), which may occur when two successive photons of different energies from the same source are detected within a very short response time. Therefore, γ-γ ray CS factors are calculated numerically for a ¹⁵²Eu radioactive cylindrical source. The CS factors obtained are applied to correct the measured efficiency values for the radioactive volumetric source at different energies. The results show a good agreement between the NSM and the experimental values (after correction with the CS factors).

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.361-376
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• 2019

In this research, bending analysis of a micro sandwich skew plate with isotropic core and piezoelectric composite face sheets reinforced by carbon nanotube on the elastic foundations are studied. The classical plate theory (CPT) are used to model micro sandwich skew plate and to apply size dependent effects based on modified strain gradient theory. Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka approach is considered for the effective mechanical properties of the nanocomposite face sheets. The governing equations of equilibrium are derived using minimum principle of total potential energy and then solved by extended Kantorovich method (EKM). The effects of width to thickness ratio and length to width of the sandwich plate, core-to-face sheet thickness ratio, the material length scale parameters, volume fraction of CNT, the angle of skew plate, different boundary conditions and types of cores on the deflection of micro sandwich skew plate are investigated. One of the most important results is the reduction of the deflection by increasing the angle of the micro sandwich skew plate and decreasing the deflection by decreasing the thickness of the structural core. The results of this research can be used in modern construction in the form of reinforced slabs or stiffened plates and also used in construction of bridges, the wing of airplane.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.22-29
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• 2002

The angular correlation effect was investigated for Co-60 ${\gamma}$-ray spectroscopy by using HPGe detector and the effective angular correlation was theoretically calculated by considering the finite detector solid angle. For the calculation of effective angular correlation, the detection efficiency as a function of ${\gamma}$-ray incident direction was obtained by using Monte Carlo method and the first interaction model. The results and the methods used in the calculation are discussed.

• 한국항해항만학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.57-63
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• 2009

수산폐기물을 방류기준에 맞추어 효과적으로 분리 처리하기 위하여, 고형물을 함유한 폐수로부터 고체와 액체를 분리해내는 전처리 공정이 필요하다. 또한, 전처리 공정효율이 극대화될수록 후속처리공정의 처리용량향상, 처리시설 규모축소, 경비절감 등의 효과도 커진다. 이를 위해 이 논문에서는 진동형 역경사식 스크린 기술을 제안하고, 최적의 고액분리를 위해 적정 진동주파수 및 기진각을 검출하였다. 진동발생기는 스크린 몸체에 대해 일정한 각도($0^{\circ}$,$30^{\circ}$,$45^{\circ}$,$90^{\circ}$)로 각각 두었으며, 진동주파수는 진동에 의한 스크린의 손상을 고려하여 35-60Hz 범위 내에서 5Hz 단위로 가변하면서 고액분리효율을 측정하였다. 스크린 경사각은 예비실험을 통해 $3^{\circ}{\sim}5^{\circ}$로 설정하고, 여과장치는 직사각형과 정사각형 2종류로 제작하였다. 실험결과 장치의 형태와 관계없이 대체적으로 $0^{\circ}$의 기진각과 60Hz의 진동주파수에서 우수한 여과효율이 나타났다. 그리고 여과 전후의 부유물질(SS)의 양을 비교하여 제안한 기술의 유효성을 검증하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.149-162
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• 2011

The aim of this research is a comprehensive review and evaluation of beam theories resting on elastic foundations that used to model mode-I delamination in multidirectional laminated composite by DCB specimen. A compliance based approach is used to calculate critical strain energy release rate (SERR). Two well-known beam theories, i.e. Euler-Bernoulli (EB) and Timoshenko beams (TB), on Winkler and Pasternak elastic foundations (WEF and PEF) are considered. In each case, a closed-form solution is presented for compliance versus crack length, effective material properties and geometrical dimensions. Effective flexural modulus ($E_{fx}$) and out-of-plane extensional stiffness ($E_z$) are used in all models instead of transversely isotropic assumption in composite laminates. Eventually, the analytical solutions are compared with experimental results available in the literature for unidirectional ($[0^{\circ}]_6$) and antisymmetric angle-ply ($[{\pm}30^{\circ}]_5$, and $[{\pm}45^{\circ}]_5$) lay-ups. TB on WEF is a simple model that predicts more accurate results for compliance and SERR in unidirectional laminates in comparison to other models. TB on PEF, in accordance with Williams (1989) assumptions, is too stiff for unidirectional DCB specimens, whereas in angle-ply DCB specimens it gives more reliable results. That it shows the effects of transverse shear deformation and root rotation on SERR value in composite DCB specimens.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.424-431
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• 2003

The evaporation cooling phenomenon of a droplet containing a surfactant on a heated surface has been studied experimentally. The two kinds of heater modules made of brass and Teflon$^{TM}$ were tested to investigate the cooling characteristics of droplet. Solutions of water containing Sodium Lauryl Sulfate(0 ppm, 100 ppm, 1000 ppm) were tested in the experiments. The results showed that the contact angle decrease as the concentration of surfactant increases. The tendency did not very with different heated solid materials. As initial temperature of the heated surface becomes high, time averaged heat flux increases and evaporation time decreases with the denser concentration of surfactant. Therefore, water with denser concentration of surfactant could be effective to cool flammable materials. However, the effect of surfactant becomes low as the material temperature is higher than the boiling temperature of water.