• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.561-573
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• 2020

The creep and consolidation behaviors of clays subjected to thermal cycles are of fundamental importance in the application of energy geostructures. This study aims to numerically investigate the physical mechanisms for the temperature-triggered volume change of saturated clays. A recently developed thermodynamic framework is used to derive the thermo-mechanical constitutive model for clays. Based on the model, a fully coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) finite element (FE) code is developed. Comparison with experimental observations shows that the proposed FE code can well reproduce the irreversible thermal contraction of normally consolidated and lightly overconsolidated clays, as well as the thermal expansion of heavily overconsolidated clays under drained heating. Simulations reveal that excess pore pressure may accumulate in clay samples under triaxial drained conditions due to low permeability and high heating rate, resulting in thermally induced primary consolidation. Results show that four major mechanisms contribute to the thermal volume change of clays: (i) the principle of thermal expansion, (ii) the decrease of effective stress due to the accumulation of excess pore pressure, (iii) the thermal creep, and (iv) the thermally induced primary consolidation. The former two mechanisms mainly contribute to the thermal expansion of heavily overconsolidated clays, whereas the latter two contribute to the noticeable thermal contraction of normally consolidated and lightly overconsolidated clays. Consideration of the four physical mechanisms is important for the settlement prediction of energy geostructures, especially in soft soils.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.83 no.1
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• pp.79-92
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• 2022

In this paper, the impact of a vernacular pozzolanic kaolinite mine on concrete alkali-silica reaction and strength has been evaluated. For making the samples, kaolinite powder with various levels has been used in the quality specification test of aggregates based on the ASTM C1260 standard in order to investigate the effect of kaolinite particles on reducing the reaction of the mortar bars. The compressive strength, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) experiments have been performed on concrete specimens. The obtained results show that addition of kaolinite powder to concrete will cause a pozzolanic reaction and decrease the permeability of concrete samples comparing to the reference concrete specimen. Further, various machine learning methods have been used to predict ASR-induced expansion per different amounts of kaolinite. In the process of modeling methods, optimal method is considered to have the lowest mean square error (MSE) simultaneous to having the highest correlation coefficient (R). Therefore, to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed model, the results of the support vector machine (SVM) method were compared with the decision tree method, regression analysis and neural network algorithm. The results of comparison of forecasting tools showed that support vector machines have outperformed the results of other methods. Therefore, the support vector machine method can be mentioned as an effective approach to predict ASR-induced expansion.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.79-90
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• 2022

Soybean-urease induced carbonate precipitation (EICP), as an alternative to microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), was employed for soil improvement. Meanwhile, soluble calcium produced from industrial waste carbide slag powder (CSP) via the acid dissolution method was used for the EICP process. The ratio of CSP to the acetic acid solution was optimized to obtain a desirable calcium concentration with an appropriate pH. The calcium solution was then used for the sand columns test, and the engineering properties of the EICP-treated sand, including unconfined compressive strength, permeability, and calcium carbonate content, were evaluated. Results showed that the properties of the biocemented sand using the CSP derived calcium solution were comparable to those using the reagent grade CaCl₂. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses revealed that spherical vaterite crystals were mainly formed when the CSP-derived calcium solution was used. In contrast, spherical calcite crystals were primarily formed as the reagent grade CaCl₂ was used. This study highlighted that it was effective and sustainable to use soluble calcium produced from CSP for the EICP process.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.125-138
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• 2023

To improve the understanding of infiltration characteristic of modified slurry and the support efficiency of filter cake in silty sand strata, the slurry infiltration (SI) and filter cake formation (FCF) were investigated in a laboratory apparatus. The water discharge and the excess pore pressure at different depths of silty sand strata were measured during SI. The relationship between permeability coefficient/thickness ratio of filter cake (k_c/ΔL) and effective slurry pressure conversion rate of filter cake (η) were analyzed. Moreover, the SI and FCF process as well as the modification mechanism of CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) were clarified. The experimental results indicate the formation of only external filter cake in the silty sand strata. The slurry particles obtain thicker water membrane after being modified by CMC, which blocks partial water path in filter cake and decreases the water discharge significantly. The silty sand excavated from tunnel face also contributes to the water discharge reduction. The k_c of the external filter cake ranges from 3.83×10^-8 cm/s to 7.44×10^-8 cm/s. The η of the external filter cake is over 96%, which decreases with increasing k_c/ΔL. A silty sand content within 10% is suggested during construction to ensure the uniformity of the filter cake.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.504-514
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• 2017

The insulation performance of aircaps has been recognized and various studies regarding the aircap as a solution to increased building energy consumption are being carried out. However, the aircap is not durable and therefore it cannot play the role of an independent finishing material. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to suggest an aircap wall module with improved durability through the lamination of the aircap and verify its effectiveness by evaluating its energy saving performance for lighting and air conditioning through a full-scale testbed. The conclusions of this study are as follows. 1) The aircap wall module featuring a laminated aircap that is being proposed in this study can save lighting energy due to the permeability of the aircap in comparison to previous insulating materials. 2) The aircap wall module with a laminated aircap is effective in improving heating and air-conditioning energy saving when it is more than 15 cm-thick during summer and winter in comparison to a 5 cm-thick prefabricated panel. 3) The aircap wall module featuring a laminated aircap is effective in improving lighting and heating and air-conditioning energy saving when it is 10 cm- and 5 cm-thick during summer and winter, respectively, in comparison to a 5 cm-thick prefabricated panel.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.1-11
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• 2013

The actively soil pollution by the toxic heavy-metals like the arsenic, cadmium, lead due to the industrialization and economic activity. The uses the electrokinetic remediation of contaminated soil has many researches against the fine soil having a small size in the on going. However, it is the actual condition which the research result that is not effective due to the low surface charge of the particle and high permeability shows in the electrokinetic remediation in comparison with the fine soil in the case of the sandy soil in which the particle size is large. In this research, the electrokinetic remediation and ultrasonic wave fetch strategy is compound applied against the sandy soil polluted by the arsenic, cadmium, and lead removal efficiency of the sandy soil through the comparison with the existing electrokinetic remediation tries to be evaluated. First of all, desorption of contaminants in soil by ultrasonic extraction in the Pre-Test conducted to see desorption effective 5~15%. After that, By conducted Batch-Test results frequency output century 200 Khz, reaction time 30 min, contaminated soil used in experiment was 500 g. Removal efficiency of arsenic, cadmium, lead are 25.55%, 8.01%, 34.90%. But, As, Cd, Pb remediation efficiency less than 1% in EK1(control group).

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2008.03a
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• pp.281-292
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• 2008

Prefabricated Board Drains (PBDs) recently become more widely used than conventional sand drains in improving soft ground because the PBD is more time and cost effective. The performance of PBDs is affected by disturbance in the adjacent soil formation during inserting mandrels, the intrusion of fine particles into filter fabric, and necking of the drain by excessive lateral pressure especially occurring in very deep clay formation such as the Busan New Port site. In this study, the PBD with double-core is introduced, which seems to overcome the shortcomings of usual single-core PBDs. An in-situ test program was established in the Busan New Port site, in which a set of the double-core PBDs and the single-core PBDs was installed to compare the efficiency of each of the drains. The discharge capacity of the double-core and the single-core PBDs was compared for various confining pressures in the modified Delft test and the chamber test. A series of CRS consolidation tests was performed in order to obtain profiles of void ratio-effective stress and void ratio-permeability relationships in the Busan New Port site that are used as input date in performing a numerical program ILLICON. The numerically simulated settlements of ground surface in the test site are in good agreement with those of in-situ measurements. In addition, the performance of the double-core and single-core PBDs has been experimentally and numerically compared in this paper.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.27-34
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• 2018

The effect of cutting-off the leakage was identified by the cement based wall mass constructed in underground, as complete facilities for reinforcement in shear strength of landfill which was subjected to circular failure and for cutting-off the leachate from the costal waste landfill. By (1) visual inspection after underground excavating and (2) compressive strength test for core of underground wall, it could be identified that quality of wall mass constructed in underground was so effective, and by additional test, so as (3) in-situ permeability test in the hole after coring wall mass, (4) analyzing the characteristics of basic components and their profiles through the series of chemical experiments and (5) deciding the general distribution patterns from the chromatograms using GC-MS, it could be identified that watertight and cutting-off the leachate of wall mass constructed in underground was very effective. Therefore, it is concluded that five types of tests suggested in this study can judge the effect of cutting-off the leakage or infiltration of very high concentrated leachate from the waste landfill.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.15-22
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• 1997

The effectiveness of presteaming for improving CCA treatability on refractory Japanese larch heartwood was investigated in this study. Presteaming was effective on improving treatability, and the extent of improvement was dependent on moisture contents of wood specimen and steaming conditions. Green wood showed higher average value in both preservative retention and penetration than dry wood, and steaming under pressure conditions also had higher treatability than steaming at atmospheric conditions. The degree of improvement for treatability was increased with the extension of steaming period. Treatability of dry wood pres teamed under pressure conditions more than 6 hours and green wood for 3 hours was similar to that enhanced by conventional incising. Presteaming green wood under pressure conditions more than 6 hours was more effective than conventional incising in improvement of CCA treatability, and resultant treatability satisfied a minimum value required for CCA-treated wood for being used at the regions of hazard class H3 and H4. In addition, an improvement of treatability by presteaming was due to an increase in permeability resulted from the degradation of hemicelluloses within aspirated pit membrane and cell wall, not the removal of extractives from pit membrane. The reduction in strength, measured as longitudinal compressive strength, due to pres teaming was related with the degradation of hemicelluloses, and was increased as steaming conditions were severe. The degree of strength reduction associated with presteaming treatment to obtain required treatability could be quantified from the relatively good relation between the increase in treatability and the decrease in strength.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.59-63
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• 2020

Radical scavenger is used to improve the durability of PEMFC polymer membrane. In this study, we investigated whether fucoidan extracted from seaweed as a radical scavenger prevents electrochemical degradation through Fenton and OCV Holding experiments. Fucoidan has an antioxidant effect, protecting the polymer membrane from hydrogen peroxide and oxygen radicals, reducing the degradation rate to 1/10. Fucoidan has been shown to be more effective than MnO₂, which is used as a radical scavenger. In the PEMFC cell, the accelerated durability evaluation method (OCV Holding) showed that fucoidan reduced the hydrogen permeability of the polymer membrane by 12% and enhanced the performance by 29.1% compared to without radical scavenger. And fucoidan was found to be more effective in the cathode side ionomer than the anode side.