• Korean journal of applied entomology
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.205-210
• /
• 2010

The bean bug, Riptortus pedestris (=clavatus) Fabricius (Hemiptera: Alydidae) is a serious pest of soybean in many countries. It enters a reproductive diapause in the winter by short day length (<13.5 h.) in Korea and Japan. The combined effects of temperatures ($25^{\circ}C$ and $8^{\circ}C$) and day lengths (10L:14D and 14L:10D) upon the termination of the male's diapause were studied. The combinations are (1) HTLD = $25^{\circ}C$, 14L:10D treatment for 1, 2, 3 weeks and 30 days; (2) HTSD = $25^{\circ}C$, 10L:14D treatment for 1, 2, and 3 weeks; (3) LTLD$\rightarrow$HTLD = $8^{\circ}C$, 14L:10D treatment for 1, 2, and 3 weeks followed by HTLD treatment; (4) LTSD$\rightarrow$HTLD = $8^{\circ}C$, 10L:14D treatment for 1, 2, and 3 weeks followed by HTLD. The amount of aggregation pheromone components secreted was adopted as the criteria for diapause termination in males. Males did not secrete aggregation pheromone under HTSD conditions. However, the males treated with HTLD for more than 21 days secreted significantly higher amounts of aggregation components, (E)-2-hexenyl (Z)-3-hexenoate and (E)-2-hexenyl (E)-2-hexenoate, compared to the control or HTSD treatments. The three components of the aggregation pheromone were secreted by the 14%, 29%, and 100% males treated with HTLD for 7 days, respectively. However more than 83% of the HTLD-treated males secreted all three components by the $30^{th}$ day under the treatment. In comparison, the pheromone amounts secreted by the males treated with LTLD$\rightarrow$HTLD or LTSD$\rightarrow$HTLD were equal or less than those secreted by males with continuous HTLD treatment.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.253.1-262
• /
• 1997

Hypothermia during lung preservation decreases metabolic processes. After the rabbit lung was flushed with modified Euro-Collins solution, heart-lung block was harvested and the left lung was assessed after ligation of the right pulmonary artery and right main-stem bronchus. Heart-lung block was immersed in the same solution for 6 hours. The modified Euro-Collins solution and storage temperature of group 1(10 cases) was 4t, roup 2(10 cases) was l$0^{\circ}C$. On completion of the storage period, the left lung was ventilated and reperfused with blood u:high used a cross-circulating paracorporeal rabbit as a "biologic deoxygenator" for 60 minutes. Pulmonary artery pressure, airway pressure, difference in oxygen tension between mow and outflow perfusate and degree of pulmonary edema were assessed at 10-minute intervals while the left lung was ventilated at 0.8 of the inspired oxygen fraction. The mean pulmonary venous oxygen tensions at 10 and 60 minutes after reperfusion were 209.52$\pm$42.46 and 103.48$\pm$ 15.96 mmHg in group I versus 247.78$\pm$36.19 and 147.91 $\pm$ 11.07 mmHg in group II(p=0.049, (0.0001). The mean alveolar-arterial oxygen differences at 20 and 60 minutes after reperfusion were 357. 95$\pm$ 12.84 and 437.31 14.26 mmHg in group I versus 310.88$\pm$3).47 and )90.93$\pm$ 15.86 mmHg in group II (p=0.0092, (0.0001). The mean pulmonary arterial pressures at 10 and 60 minutes after reperfusion were 40.56$\pm$ 18.66 and 87. 2$\pm$ 17.22 mmHg in group I versus 31.22$\pm$6.84 and 65.78$\pm$ 11.02 mmHg in group rl (p : 0.048, 0.0062). The mean pulmonary vascular resistances at 10 and 60 minutes after reperfusion were 2.69$\pm$0.85 and 4.36$\pm$0.86 mmHg/ml/min in group I versus 1.99$\pm$0.39 and 3.29$\pm$0.55 mmHg/ml/min in group II(p : 0.0323, 0.0062). There were no difference between groups in peak airway pressure, lung compliance and degree of pulmonary edema. In conclusion that preservation of lung at l$0^{\circ}C$ was superior to preservation at 4$^{\circ}C$.}C$.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.1-8
• /
• 2010

We investigated the effect of freezing on changes in the chemical components of semi-dried red pepper (SDRP). We used storage temperatures of $0^{\circ}C,\;-10^{\circ}C,\;-20^{\circ}C,\;and\;-70^{\circ}C$. After 30 days of storage, capsaicin content had decreased by 40% at $0^{\circ}C$ and by 21% at $-20^{\circ}C$. Initial vitamin C content was 1,358.02 mg%. Compared with control, the $0^{\circ}C$ storage group showed a significant decrease in vitamin C content but no such decrease was noted in the $-20^{\circ}C$ and $-70^{\circ}C$ storage groups after 30 days. ASTA values were not influenced by storage temperature or period, in agreement with previous results. We concluded that storage was effective at temperatures of less than $-20^{\circ}C$. Next, both dried red pepper (DRP) and SDRP were stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ for 12 months. DRP had the lower level of capsaicinoids (55.01 mg%) owing to the long drying time. After 12 months, SDRP capsaicinoid had decreased by 30-33%, compared with a decrease of 54% in DRP. Initial vitamin C contents were 721.48 and 955.25 mg% in DRP and SDRP, respectively, and, after 12 months, vitamin C loss in the SDRP group (37%) was less than that in fresh red pepper (FRP) samples (45%). Initial $\beta$-carotene content was greatest in the FRP group (259.82 mg%), and that of DRP decreased by 20% after 12 months. The color a/b value of SDRP (1.40) was greater than that of DRP (1.00).

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.138-147
• /
• 2001

The stochiometric mixtures mixture of evaporating materials for the $ZnIn_{2}S_{4}$ single crystal thin film was prepared from horizontal furnace. To obtain the $ZnIn_{2}S_{4}$ single crystal thin film, $ZnIn_{2}S_{4}$ mixed crystal was deposited on throughly etched semi-insulting GaAs(100) in the Hot Wall Epitaxy(HWE) system. The sourceand substrate temperature were $610^{\circ}C$ and $450^{\circ}C$, respectively and the growth rate of the $ZnIn_{2}S_{4}$ single crystal thin film was about 0.5$\mu\textrm{m}$/hr. The crystalline structure of $ZnIn_{2}S_{4}$ single crystal thin film was investigated by photoluminescence and double crystal X-ray diffraction (DCXD) measurement. The carrier density and mobility of $ZnIn_{2}S_{4}$ single crystal thin film measured from Hal effect by van der Pauw method are $8.51{\times}10^{17}{\textrm}{cm}^{-3}$, 291$\textrm{cm}^2$/V.s at $293^{\circ}$K, respectively. From the photocurrent spectrum by illumination of perpendicular light on the c-axis of the $ZnIn_{2}S_{4}$ single crystal thin film, we have found that the values of spin orbit splitting $\Delta$So and the crystal filed splitting DCr were 0.0148eV and 0.1678 eV at $10^{\circ}$K, respectively. From the photoluminescence measurement of $ZnIn_{2}S_{4}$ single crystal thin film, we observed free excition($E_{X}$) typically observed only in high quality crystal and neutral donor bound exicton ($D^{\circ}$, X) having very strong peak intensity. The full width at half maximum and binding energy of neutral donor bound excition were 9meV and 26meV, respectively. The activation energy of impurity measured by Haynes rule was 130meV.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.318-328
• /
• 1987

The results of experiment to review the optimum pasteurization condition for the raw milk produced in Korea by using UHT procedure of $100-145^{\circ}C$, the changes in chemical composition, microbiological aspects and the keeping quality of the heat treated milk are summarized as follows: 1. In UHT milk sterilized at $100-145^{\circ}C$, the pH value decreased from 6.55 to 6.33 but protein, fat, lactose and ash did not show significance changes while casein nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen increased but non-casein nitrogen and filterable nitrogen decreased. 2. Calcium content decreased gradually from 119.8 mg/100 g of raw milk to 75.75 mg/100 g at $145^{\circ}C$ as the heat treatment increased and vitamin C decreased rapidly from 1.37 mg/100 ml to 0.82 mg/ 100 ml while artificial digestibility increased from 14.07% of raw milk to 26.0% as the heat treatment increased. 3. As the heat treatment increased, microorganism counts decreased to $0.5{\times}10^2/ml$ and were not found above $135^{\circ}C$ - coliforms and psychrotrophic bacteria from $100^{\circ}C$ thermoduric bacteria, thermophiles, mould and yeast from $125-130^{\circ}C$. Heat treatment above $135^{\circ}C$ showed 100% sterilization effect. 4. The result of preservation test for heat treated milk did not show any significant changes in titratable acidity and general composition at $4^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$ up to 15 days. Viable bacteria counts, coliforms and psychrotrophic bacteria were not found but loss of vitamin and increase in viable bacteria counts appeared after 20 days.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.173-178
• /
• 2013

Experiments were conducted to investigate the optimum concentration of nutrient solution for strawberry 'Maehyang' bred domestically for exportation in hydroponics. Nutrient solutions for strawberry, which was made by Yamazaki, were supplied electrical conductivity (EC) 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, and $1.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ after planting on cocopeat medium during the experiment period. Growth of shoot of strawberries did not show any statistical differences among treatments. Fruit length showed the longest in EC 0.8 and $1.2dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, followed by 0.6 and $1.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in the first and third cluster. It showed the shortest in EC $1.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in the second cluster but there were no significant differences among treatments in the fourth cluster. Fruit diameter did not show significant differences among treatments in the first and second cluster but was the longest in the lowest concentration EC $0.6dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in the third cluster. The shortest was in EC $1.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in the fourth cluster. The heaviest mean fruit weight appeared in EC 0.8 and $1.2dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, and the lightest was in EC $1.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in the first cluster and also lightest in EC $1.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ but no significant differences was found among other treatments in the second & third cluster. Also the fruit weight was significantly light in plants grown in EC $1.8dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ than $0.6dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in the fourth cluster. Soluble solids content of fruit was the highest in EC $0.6dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ in all cluster. As a result, we came to the conclusion that the optimum EC for strawberry 'Maehyang' was EC 0.8 - $1.2dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ during low temperature season. This result will be utilized as an indicator for strawberry hydroponics.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
• /
• v.10
• /
• pp.1-25
• /
• 1969

Since widely use of anthracite for the radiating purpose in a rearing room in Korea, the weakness of silkworm, poor uniformity of the worm growth, the increase of missing worm ratio, unusual cocoon assorting ratio, and the decrease of cocoon layer ratio have been realized by the author, therefore, he has started out to search the mechanism of these evil influences regarding with various gas densities and terms of the gas treatment which will be supposed to be a warning for temperature control during the silkworm reading work. Among the anthracite gas components, CO or SO$_2$ influence and their complexed harm effect were investigated through the use of anthracite gas, CO and SO$_2$ gas. Meantime, each treatment was applied, separately, during the worm egg stage, young instar, adult instar and whole instar, because the harm intensity for any improperable rearing condition is flexible by the growing stages. Meantime, the gas density and term variation were applied for the above each treatment such as in case of anthracite and CO gas, the following treat methods were used. 1) 0.06% for 30 mins. 2) 0.06% for 1 hour. 3) 0.1% for 1 hour. 4) 0.15% for 1 hour. on the other hand, SO$_2$ gas was used as 1) 120ppm for 30 mins. 2) 200ppm for 30 mins. 3) 400ppm for 30 mins. The measurement of gas density was proceeded by using CO tester (Carbon Monoxide Indicator) and SO$_2$ tester (Indicator Sampler Cgf) which could keep any specific density before each treatment.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.153-162
• /
• 2008

Pinewood nematode (PWN) trapping by nematophagous fungi, Arthrobotrys conoides, A. dactyloides and A. oligospora and the fungal growth were characterized. The three Arthrobotrys species each was inoculated into the PWN cultured on Botrytis cinera fungal colony on potato dextrose agar (PDA). The effects of temperature, pH, PWN inoculation density and nutrients on the growth of the three Arthrobotrys spp were measured. A. conoides grew fast, 13.9 mm/day while A. dactyloides grew slow, 3 mm/day. PDA medium was the best for the fungal growth at $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 4.5. The Arthrobotrys spp growth was stimulated by 500 nematodes inoculation but not by 1000 inoculation. A. dactyloides did not grow below pH 4.5 and at high PWN density. A. conoides and A oligospora formed trapping organs with thick constricting hyphal network only when PWN present, while A. dactyloides formed the organ with circular hyphae constitutively. A. conoides formed trapping organs faster than A. oligospora did. The nematode trapping hyphae of the fungi penetrated into PNW inside to form many tiny infection bulbs and to digest the nematode. However, A. dactyloides formed a few trapping organs but no trapping was observed. Infection rate of PWN was 95% by A. conoides, 80% by A. oligospora and 92% by the combination inoculation of A. conoides and A. oligospora. In contrast A. dactyloides increased PWN density without infecton. There was no interaction effect in any combination inoculation of the three Arthrobotrys spp. A. conoides enhanced PWN infection rate by rapid hyphal growth and early trapping, while A. oligospora did it by increasing hyphal density. In conclusion A. conoides is the most effective in both hyphal growth and infection, and thus these characteristics can be utilized as a biological control of PWN.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.864-871
• /
• 2014

Seed viability is affected by storage conditions and rapid loss of viability in storage is the major cause for low germination. This study was carried out to examine the effect of packaging materials and storage temperature on seed germination rate over 10 years in two species (Capsicum annuum L. and Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) and determine effective storage conditions for maintaining seed viability. Seeds were packaged in aluminum poly pouches under vacuum, polyethylene bottles, and paper bags containing silica gel and stored under one of two controlled conditions ($15^{\circ}C$, RH 40% or $5^{\circ}C$, RH 30%) or at ambient condition. Seed germination was recorded at 6-month intervals for 10 years. The seeds of both species showed no decline in viability until 6.5 years at 15 or $5^{\circ}C$, irrespective of packaging materials. However, under ambient conditions, the seeds of chili pepper and Chinese cabbage in paper bags lost viability after 4 and 5 years, respectively. By contrast, seeds of both species in vacuum-aluminum poly pouches exhibited a 99% germination rate after 6 years under ambient conditions. Pepper seeds in the vacuum-aluminum poly pouches maintained a 93% germination rate after 10 years in ambient conditions. These results indicated that a special seed storage facility for maintaining viability of chili pepper and Chinese cabbage seed might not be essential and seed testing would not be necessary for 10 years, if chili pepper and Chinese cabbage seeds were packed in ambient/vacuum-aluminum poly pouches or $5^{\circ}C$/vacuum-aluminum poly pouches.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
• /
• v.37 no.5
• /
• pp.253-261
• /
• 2015

In this study, Chlorophyll-a (chl-a) prediction model and multiple parameters affecting algae occurrence in Mulgeum site were evaluated by statistical analysis using water quality, hydraulic and climate data at Mulgeum site (1998~2008). Before the analysis, control chart method and effect period of typhoon were adopted for improving reliability of the data. After data preprocessing step two methods were used in this study. In method 1, chl-a prediction model was developed using preprocessed data. Another model was developed by Method 2 using significant parameters affecting chl-a after data preprocessing step. As a result of correlation analysis, water temperature, pH, DO, BOD, COD, T-N, $NO_3-N$, $PO_4-P$, flow rate, flow velocity and water depth were revealed as significant multiple parameters affecting chl-a concentration. Chl-a prediction model from Method 1 and 2 showed high $R^2$ value with 0.799 and 0.790 respectively. Validation for each prediction model was conducted with the data from 2009 to 2010. Training period and validation period of Method 1 showed 20.912 and 24.423 respectively. And Method 2 showed 21.422 and 26.277 in each period. Especially BOD, DO and $PO_4-P$ played important role in both model. So it is considered that analysis of algae occurrence at Mulgeum site need to focus on BOD, DO and $PO_4-P$.