• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제41권4호
• /
• pp.503-512
• /
• 2017

Background: Chronic heavy alcohol consumption may raise the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Saponins inhibit apoptosis of pancreatic islet cells and reduce lipid parameters. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of saponin on chronic ethanol-treated diabetic rats. Methods: Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (LETO) and Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats were pair-fed a Lieber-DeCarli diet with and without 5% ethanol for 12 wks. Two weeks after starting the pair-feeding with the Lieber-DeCarli diet, intraperitoneal injection of saponin was performed for 10 wks. To perform the experiments, rats were divided as follows: LETO-Control (LC), LETO-Ethanol (LE), LETO-Ethanol-Saponin (LES), OLETF-Control (OC), OLETF-Ethanol (OE), and OLETF-Ethanol-Saponin (OES). Results: The weights of epididymal and mesenteric fat tissue in LES and OES rats were the lightest from among the LETO and OLETF groups, respectively. The secretion of alanine aminotransferase and cholesterol in OES rats decreased significantly compared to their secretion in OC and OE rats, respectively. The islets of the pancreas in LE and OE rats showed clean, unclear, and smaller morphology compared to those of LC, LES, OC, and OES rats. In addition, the expression of insulin in the islets of the pancreas in LC, LES, OC, and OES rats was higher than in LE and OE rats. Conclusion: Saponin may not only be helpful in alleviating the rapid progress of diabetes due to chronic alcohol consumption in diabetic patients, but may also show potential as an antidiabetic drug candidate for diabetic patients who chronically consume alcohol.

• 한국분말재료학회지
• /
• 제28권4호
• /
• pp.331-335
• /
• 2021

The effects of drying temperature on the microstructure of porous W fabricated by the freeze-casting process of tert-butyl alcohol slurry with WO₃ powder was investigated. Green bodies were hydrogen-reduced at 800℃ for 1 h and sintered at 1000℃ for 6 h. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that WO₃ powders were completely converted to W without any reaction phases by hydrogen reduction. The sintered body showed pores aligned in the direction of tert-butyl alcohol growth, and the porosity and pore size decreased as the amount of WO₃ increased from 5 to 10vol%. As the drying temperature of the frozen body increased from -25℃ to -10℃, the pore size and thickness of the struts increased. The change in microstructural characteristics based on the amount of powder added and the drying temperature was explained by the growth behavior of the freezing agent and the degree of rearrangement of the solid powder during the solidification of the slurry.

• 한국학교보건학회지
• /
• 제20권1호
• /
• pp.103-111
• /
• 2007

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of stresses to female university students and their habits of dealing with stresses through drinking alcohol and smoking. Methods : Subjects, 313 students, were selected through convenience sampling method from the 2 four-year universities in Chonbuk and Chonnam province from May to June, 2005. Data were collected through the structured questionnaires that include general characteristics, Quantity Frequency methods, the number of cigarette per day, campus stress scale, and stress coping style scale, and they were analyzed by Cronbach' alpha, descriptive statistics, ANOVA and t-test by using SPSS/PC⁺ program. Results: In this study, 80% of subjects have drunk alcohol. The mean frequency of drinking alcohol per month was 4.68 times and the mean number of alcohol consumption amount per drinking 6.16 glasses. The rate of smoking was 13.7%, and the mean number smoking cigarette per day in the previous month was 12.4. The mean score of stress was 2.20. Among 8 sub-factors of stress, study related stress scored highest among the sub-factors. The mean score of coping styles was 2.50. Among 4 coping styles, hopeful thought was mostly used. Among stresses, the concern of one's future affected her drinking habits. Faculty relationship, academic problem, and value affected smoking habits. Hopeful thought comes out to affect smoking, while drinking, perceived health status, and practice time showed no relationship with coping style. Conclusion: Based on the results, developing a life stress counseling program and effective coping program for women's university students is imperative, especially for those of who show passive attitude toward stress and solve it emotionally instead of using problem-oriented methods. Also, it will be necessary to study further nursing intervention to curb university females' drinking alcohol and smoking.

• 대한본초학회지
• /
• 제36권2호
• /
• pp.11-17
• /
• 2021

Objective : This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Effects of Akebia quinata (AQ) extract on alcohol-induced damage of liver, spleen and thymus in rats. Method : Experimental animals were divided in to 4 groups; Normal group, Alcohol group, AQ50 group and AQ200 group. All rats, except for Normal group, were fed 25 % ethanol for 55 days. During experimental period, Normal group and Alcohol group were administrated saline, and AQ50 group and AQ200 group were administrated AQ extract at dose of 50 and 200 mg/kg/day, respectively. We measured organ weight, liver triglyceride contents, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and triglycerid levels in serum. Also, we conducted histomorphometry and histopathological observation of liver, spleen and thymus. Results : AQ significantly decreased the level of AST, ALT and triglyceride in serum and the liver triglyceride contents induced by ethanol. Also, AQ significantly inhibited lipid droplets accumulation in hepatocytes. The decreased relative organ weight of spleen and thymus by ethanol were increased by AQ administration. In histopathological analysis of spleen, the rats administrated AQ 200 mg/kg presented significantly increased mean diameters of white pulps, numbers of white pulps and splenic thicknesses. The administration of 200 mg/kg AQ improved decreased lobular thickness and cortex thickness of thymus, which were decreased by ethanol. Conclusions : The results of present study indicated that AQ has an ameliorating effect for fatty degeneration of liver and damage of spleen and thymus.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.123-131
• /
• 2002

Solvolyses rate constant of 1- and 2- naphthoyl chlorides (1 and 2) are reported for aqueous binary mixtures with methanol, ethanol, fluorinated alcohol, acetonitrile and dioxane. Kinetic solvent isotope effects (KISE) in methanol and product selectivities (S) of 2-naphthoyl chloride (2) in alcohol-water are also reported. Dispersions in Grunwald-Winstein correlations $(r{\leq}0.901)$ are discussed by multiple regression analysis incorporating ionizing power $(Y_{Cl})$ scale and rate-rate profiles. Major causes for these phenomena are investigated as an aromatic ring solvation effects, in conjunction with weakly nucleophilic solvation effects ($S_N2$ character), for solvolyses of 1 and for solvolyses of 2, as dual reaction channels, described as $S_N1$-$S_N2$ and $S_AN$-$S_N2$ processes. Distinct border lines between the two pathways are derived from solvolyses rates of 2 in 18 solvent using the results of $log(k/k_o)=mY_{Cl}+lN_T+hI$ plot with values of 1.13 for m, 0.37 for l and 0.15 for h value in 5 aqueous fluorinated alcohol mixtures. Using rate-product correlation, the validity of a third order model based on a general base catalyzed by solvent and contribution from these rate constants, $k_{aa},\;k_{aw}$ and $k_{aw}$, are investigated for $S_AN$-$S_N2$ solvolyses of 2 favored in more rich alcohol media and gradual addition of water to alcohol solvent shows a great shift away from stoichiometric solvation to predominantly medium effects. Rate-rate correlation between solvolyses of 2 and trimethyl acetylchloride (5) with alkyl group in the 29 aqueous solvent mixtures shows appreciable linearity (slope = 0.84, r = 0.987), caused by the same pathway ($S_N1$-$S_N2$ process), even if this correlation coincides with appreciable dispersion (different solvation effect).

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제24권4호
• /
• pp.330-334
• /
• 1992

아미노산 간장의 풍미를 높이기 위해 S. rouxii에 의한 알코올 발효시 아미노산 간장내에 존재하는 NaCl, 색소물질 및 glucose의 농도가 S. rouxii의 생육에 미치는 영향과, 발효온도, 통기속도 등 발효환경요인이 S. rouxii의 생육 및 알코올 발효에 미치는 영향을 관찰하였다. 아미노산 간장내 NaCl 6%(w/v) 까지는 균체 생육에 영향을 미치지 않았으나, 그 이상의 농도에서는 생육을 저해하였으며, 아미노산 간장 중 존재하는 색소물질은 균체 생육에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 또 아미노산 간장에 첨가된 glucose의 농도가 25%(w/v)까지는 균체 생육을 크게 저해하지 않았다. S. rouxii의 생육 및 알코올 발효의 최적 온도는 $25^{\circ}C$이며, 최대 알코올 생산을 위한 최적 통기속도는 0.5 vvm이었다. 이때 아미노산 간장내 최대 알코올 농도는 4.2%(w/v)였다.

• 생물정신의학
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.68-74
• /
• 2017

Objectives It is well known that problem drinking is associated with alterations of brain structures and functions. Brain functions related to alcohol consumption can be determined by the resting state functional connectivity in various resting state networks (RSNs). This study aims to ascertain the alcohol effect on the structures forming predetermined RSNs by assessing their cortical thickness. Methods Twenty-six abstinent male patients with alcohol dependence and the same number of age-matched healthy control were recruited from an inpatient mental hospital and community. All participants underwent a 3T MRI scan. Averaged cortical thickness of areas constituting 7 RSNs were determined by using FreeSurfer with Yeo atlas derived from cortical parcellation estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. Results There were significant group differences of mean cortical thicknesses (Cohen's d, corrected p) in ventral attention (1.01, < 0.01), dorsal attention (0.93, 0.01), somatomotor (0.90, 0.01), and visual (0.88, 0.02) networks. We could not find significant group differences in the default mode network. There were also significant group differences of gray matter volumes corrected by head size across the all networks. However, there were no group differences of surface area in each network. Conclusions There are differences in degree and pattern of structural recovery after abstinence across areas forming RSNs. Considering the previous observation that group differences of functional connectivity were significant only in networks related to task-positive networks such as dorsal attention and cognitive control networks, we can explain recovery pattern of cognition and emotion related to the default mode network and the mechanisms for craving and relapse associated with task-positive networks.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.38-43
• /
• 2000

Several studies have shown that the stomach has sufficient alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) activity to metabolize some amount of orally administered alcohol and the sex-related differences in the first-pass metabolism of alcohol might be associated with differences in the activity of gastric ADH(GADH). The aim of this study was to asses the sex-related differences in GADH in 48 male and 48 female Sprague-Dawley rats aged 1, 4, 10, 15, 20, and 30 weeks which each aged group had same sex ratio. The GADH activity was determined spectrophotometrically at 37$^{\circ}C$. The formation of NADH was monitored at 340nm for 10 minutes in the 1 ml of reaction mixture (0.5 M of Tris-HCl, pH 7.2 + 1.5 M of ethanol + 2.8 mM of NAD + 30 $\mu$l gastric mucosal supernatant). The GADH activity (nM of NADH/min/mg of cytosolic protein) was calculated using molecular extinction coefficient of 6.22 $\textrm{cm}^2$/$\mu$M for NADH. The GADH activities were 2.94$\pm$0.82 (n=48) in female rats and 3.34$\pm$2.17 (n=48) in male rats and had not significant difference between sex. However, the GADH activities were significantly (p<0.01) higher in female (1.91$\pm$0.59 and 3.30$\pm$0.49) than in male (0.68$\pm$0.43 and 1.92$\pm$0.81) of 1 and 4 weeks rats. However, it was significantly (p<0.05) higher in male (6.48$\pm$1.81, 3.65$\pm$1.04 and 5.13$\pm$1.30) than in female (4.23$\pm$1.23, 2.18$\pm$0.77 and 2.56$\pm$0.93) of 10, 20 and 30 weeks rats, respectively. Therefore, the results suggested that sex-related differences of the GADH activities in same aged rats were existed by age.

• 대한한방내과학회지
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.511-519
• /
• 2012

Objectives : This study investigated the effect of Sinseonbulchuidan (SBD-1) on hangover syndrome. We undertook this study to test whether SBD-1 is effective in preventing the signs and symptoms of alcohol-induced hangover. Methods : Fifteen healthy volunteers participated in this double-blind randomized crossover study. All participants received either SBD-1 or indistinguishable placebo capsules before alcohol consumption. The primary outcome measure was the difference in hangover severity scores between SBD-1 and placebo intervention. Secondary outcome measure was the difference in profile of mood states (POMS) between SBD-1 and placebo intervention. Results : After alcohol exposure, the overall symptom scores were significantly decreased in the SBD-1 group compared with those given a placebo. The mean scores for the hangover symptoms were high in the placebo group, and statistical significance was observed in 4 symptom scores (loss of appetite, stomachache, nausea, and total score). There were no differences in the POMS and cognitive performance test results between SBD-1 and placebo intervention. Conclusions : We conclude that the SBD-1 is effective in preventing the signs and symptoms of alcohol-induced hangover. Larger studies are required to confirm these findings.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
• /
• 제11권5호
• /
• pp.711-719
• /
• 1996

Fermentation characteristics of kwahaju (a typical Korean traditional alcoholic beverage) base were investigated during fermentation with different contents of nuruk (Korean-style bran koji) extract. The nuruk extract which was prepared by incubating the mixture of nuruk powder and water at $25^{\circ}C$ overnight and by filtering it was used to be 0.6%, 2.7%, 5% and 10% (v/v). Total and reducing sugar contents as well as acidity of the kwahaju base with 0.6% nuruk extract were higher than those with 2.7%, 5% and 10% at the fermentation end. Final pH values of all the base samples were ranged from 3.3 to 4.1. Alcohol concentrations of the base samples with 2.7%, 5% and 10% nuruk extract were higher than those with 0.6%. Microbial growth rate was great and inner temperature was high in the sample with high content of nuruk extract, but fermentation period was short. Total sugar consumption and alcohol production increased as the content of nuruk extract increased, but total acid production decreased. The base sample with 10% nuruk extract showed the most excellent fermentation efficiency. Fusel oil content of the base sample with 2.7% nuruk extract was the highest (457.3 ppm), and those wity 5% and 10% nuruk extract were 438.9 ppm and 442.6 ppm, respectively. The sample with 0.6% nuruk extract had the lowest content (409.5 ppm). Sensory evaluation of both the kwahaju base and kwahaju mix with 25% and 40% alcohol by adding soju (Korean distilled liquor) showed that the base with 2.7% nuruk extract had the highest score, and that the kwahaju mix with 25% alcohol had higher score than that with 40%. The sensory results on overall desirability were consistent to those on color and alcohol concentration, and it turned out that the two factors were important to make kwahaju.