• 유통과학연구
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2015

Purpose - Domestic cooperatives tend to increase during the establishment of cooperatives and gradually through the basic law of social needs. However, only cooperatives' qualitative grow this secured without blessings, and their quantitative growth through government support is questionable. The purpose of this study is to analyze the agricultural cooperatives established through the Distribution System Cooperatives Basic Law, which was enacted in January 2012. Subsequently, establishing agricultural cooperatives was done briskly. However, cooperatives established rapidly after the founding of the Basic Law encountered problems. Research design, data, and methodology - To assess the performance of selected agricultural cooperatives, data were analyzed using the methodological Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) approach. The AHP is a set of systematic procedures to hierarchically analyze the elements of any problem. Using a survey on expertise, a series of comparative determinations of each pair is performed to evaluate the relative strengths and the strengths of the impact between elements within the hierarchy. A survey was conducted on 10 small agricultural cooperatives using AHP analysis for the examination. The purpose of such research and analysis is to recommend a direction for future policies aimed at small agricultural cooperatives. Result - This study applied three types of policy evaluation criterion, including market expansions, organizations, and cooperative projects, and 12 types of small agricultural cooperative policy measures. Market expansion policies for agricultural cooperatives are classified into four categories: school meals, direct transactions, shopping malls, and wholesale markets. Organizational policies for agricultural cooperatives are classified into four types: existing sales channel management, education, preventing free riding, and enlarging members. Cooperative project policies in agricultural cooperatives are classified into four policy areas: cooperation between cooperatives, community contribution, joint businesses, and government links. In this paper, the growth priority in agricultural cooperative policies is analyzed by applying policy evaluation criteria on the basis of a survey on expertise. The priorities of the policy program are also analyzed using a decision analytic hierarchy process. The results indicate that market expansion is the most important policy evaluation criterion therefore, improving direct transactions, school meals, management of existing sales channels, and shopping malls are crucial policy measures. In contrast, the cooperation of cooperatives, expansion of union members, and cooperation with the government were found to have low priority. Conclusions - Agricultural cooperatives should develop plans as follows. Small agricultural cooperatives need to secure school meals and direct transactions for market expansion, restructure marketing strategies to manage existing sales channels, and, finally, increase education and training for sustainable organizational development. This study has the following limitations. Because the subject of the investigation is a new cooperative, determining its sustainable growth is difficult. Therefore, through analysis and a continuous study of cooperatives, future research is expected to show that modifying the direction of agriculture cooperatives is necessary.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.173-186
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• 2021

Purpose: Biliary atresia (BA) is a disease that manifests as jaundice after birth and leads to progressive destruction of the ductal system in the liver. The aim of this study was to investigate histopathological changes and immunohistochemically examine the expression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), synaptophysin, and S-100 protein in the gallbladder of BA patients. Methods: The study included a BA group of 29 patients and a control group of 41 children with cholecystectomy. Gallbladder tissue removed during surgery was obtained and examined immunohistochemically and histopathologically. Tissue samples of both groups were immunohistochemically assessed in terms of GDNF, S-100 protein, and synaptophysin expression. Expression was classified as present or absent. Inflammatory activity assessment with hematoxylin and eosin staining and fibrosis assessment with Masson's trichrome staining were performed for tissue sample sections of both groups. Results: Ganglion cells were not present in gallbladder tissue samples of the BA group. Immunohistochemically, GDNF, synaptophysin, and S-100 expression was not detected in the BA group. Histopathological examination revealed more frequent fibrosis and slightly higher inflammatory activity in the BA than in the control group. Conclusion: We speculate that GDNF expression will no longer continue in this region, when the damage caused by inflammation of the extrahepatic bile ducts reaches a critical threshold. The study's findings may represent a missing link in the chain of events forming the etiology of BA and may be helpful in its diagnosis.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.287-303
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• 2022

본 연구의 목적은 독일의 아비투어 수학시험의 체제와 문항을 분석함으로써 수능 체제 개선을 위한 시사점을 도출하는 것이다. 이를 위해 아비투어의 체제를 개관하고 수학과 표준 교육과정과 아비투어의 관계를 고찰하였다. 또한 기본수준과 심화수준 시험의 체제, 수행지시동사, 공학적 도구 및 공식집의 사용을 중심으로 수학시험 체제를 분석하고, 2021년 수학시험 문항의 특징을 분석하였다. 분석 결과 첫째, 역량 교육을 표방한 독일은 교육과정에서 강조한 역량을 학생들이 갖추었는지를 아비투어에서 평가하고 있다. 둘째, 공학적 도구의 적절한 사용을 강조하는 독일은 아비투어 수학시험에서 공학적 도구를 사용하는 문항과 그렇지 않은 문항을 모두 활용한다. 셋째, 아비투어 수학시험은 정해진 수행지시동사를 이용하여 대부분의 문항을 구성하고, 여러 종류의 지시어를 활용하여 역량을 평가하는 다양한 유형의 문항을 출제하고 있다. 넷째, 아비투어 수학시험은 2~3개의 하위문항으로 이루어진 간단한 구조의 문항뿐만 아니라 빅아이디어를 중심으로 하나의 상황을 심도 있게 다루는 문항을 포함한다. 마지막으로, 수학적 정당화와 증명이 아비투어에서 중요한 비중을 차지하고 있다. 이를 토대로 수능 체제 개선을 위한 구체적인 방안을 몇 가지 제시하였다.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.59-80
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• 2022

본 연구는 「식품안전과 건강」과목의 수업과 평가를 지원할 수 있는 워크북을 개발하고 타당도를 검증하는 데 목적이 있다. 워크북 개발은 「식품안전과 건강」교육과정과 식생활 교육자료, 워크북 관련 선행연구를 분석하여 워크북의 개발 방향을 설정하고, 영역별 활동 아이디어를 도출하여 전체 구성을 설계하였다. 이후 초안을 개발하고 3차에 걸쳐서 교차 검토와 식품의약품안전처의 검토와 수정을 반복하여 편집본을 개발하였고, 9인의 전문가와 44인의 가정과교사들에게 타당도 검증을 받아 수정·보완하여 최종적으로 워크북을 완성하였다. 워크북은 4개 영역으로 '식품선택' 영역의 학습 주제 10개 36차시, '식중독과 식품 관리' 영역의 학습 주제 10개 36차시, '식품의 조리' 영역의 학습 주제 11개 43차시, '건강한 식사' 영역의 학습 주제 11개 55차시로 총 42개 학습 주제 170차시로 구성하였다. 워크북은 실천적 문제해결 역량, 생활자립 역량, 창의적사고 역량, 공동체 역량을 고루 배양할 수 있도록 하였으며, 문제를 인식하고 실험을 통해 문제를 해결하거나 발견학습을 통해 학습과제를 수행하고, 실험한 내용에 대해 심화 탐구학습을 진행하며, 평가를 통해 자가진단을 할 수 있도록 맥락적으로 구성하였다. 워크북의 타당도를 검증한 결과 학생 참여형 수업과 평가를 운영하고, 실험·실습을 강화하여 탐구하는 수업 분위기를 형성하는데 매우 적절한 것으로 평가되었다. 본 연구는 고교학점제 시행과 개별 학생의 학습 선택권이 강조되는 시점에서 가정계열 선택과목의 외연을 확장하고, 탐구 중심으로 학생이 주도하는 교실 수업을 구현하는데 기여할 것이다.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.15-28
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• 1989

본(本) 연구(硏究)는 식생활(食生活)의 다변화 및 향상(向上)으로 새로운 수산식품(水産食品)의 개발(開發)과 가공(加工) 저장 기술(技術)의 고도화(高度化)가 요구(要求)됨에 따라 수산식품제조(水産食品製造) 관리(管理)에 유능(有能)한 중견기술인(中堅技術人)의 양성을 위하여 전문대학(專門大學) 수산가공과(水産加I科)의 교육과정(敎育課程) 개선(改善)에 목적(目的)을 두었다. 본(本) 교육과정(敎育課程) 수정개발(修正開發)은 수산식품(水産食品)의 전망에 따라 직무(職務)의 종류(種類), 산업체(産業體)와 졸업생(卒業生) 및 재학생(在學生) 및 요구(要求) 등을 설문조사(說間調査)하고 식품가공(食品加工) 관련학과(關聯學科) 교수들의 의견(意見) 등을 검토분석(檢討分析)함으로써 최적 교육과정(敎育課程) 작성하려고 하였다. 1. 식품가공업(食品加工業)을 5종(種)으로 분류(分類)하였으며 수산가공기술자(水産加工技術者)가 갖추어야할 직무(職務)는 14개종(個種)으로 구분(區分)하였다. 2. 수산식품(水産食品) 가공기술자(加工技術者)의 능력(能力)을 배양하고 산업사회(産業社會)와 졸업생(卒業生) 및 재학생(在學生)의 요구(要求)를 충족시킬 수 있는 교과목(敎科目)은 51개(個) 과목(科目)으로 보았다. 3. 51개 과목(科目)은 각각 교양(敎養) 13개 과목(科目)에 24학점(學點), 전공필수(專攻必須) 12과목(科目)에 34학점(學點), 전공선택(專攻選擇)은 24과목(科目)에 56학점(學點), 인접선택은 2과목(科目)에 5학점(學點)으로 하여 총 119학점(學點)에 142시간(時間)을 개설(開設)토록 하였다. 4. 이상(以上)의 교육과정(敎育課程)을 실현(實現)하기 위하여는 산학협동체제(産學協同體制)가 확립(確立)되어 산업체(産業體)의 시설을 학생(學生)이 학교(學校)의 시설을 산업체(産業體)가 활용(活用)할 수 있어야 하며 이를 뒷받침 할 수 있는 법적 근거가 마련되어야 한다. 5. 충분한 기술교양(技術敎養)을 위해서는 교육 년한이 1년 이상 연장되어야 하며 기사(技師) 자격(資格) 시험에 있어서 인식도(認識度)를 묻는 차원(次元)에서 행위능력(行爲能力)을 묻는 차원(次元)으로 바꾸어야 한다. 6. 전문대학(專門大學) 교육내실화(敎育內實化)를 위하여 교재(敎材)의 개발(開發), 실험(實驗) 및 실습방법(實習方法)의 개선(改善), 교육평가(敎育評價)의 개선(改善)등이 지속적으로 이루어져야 한다.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to identify the knowledge contents of basic nursing sciences needed by nurses in the practices of the intensive care unit(ICU). To attain the goal of this study, the nurses working at 10 hospitals in the areas of Seoul and Kangwon Province were randomly selected. They were primarily interviewed, and the open question was secondarily put to them through the questionnaire. In the process of the 1st interview, the interviewees were asked of the question, "What is the knowledge of basic sciences such as anatomy, pathology, physiology. microbiology, pharmacology and the like thought to be lacking when you communicate with doctors in the ICU and when you carry out your nursing practices in it?" The contents of the interview were tape-recorded. The period of data collection ranged from May 1, 2001 to Sept 30. The interviews were conducted with total of 20 nurses. The open-end questionnaire was secondarily mailed to nurses. 113 questionnaires were returned. 100 questionnaires except 13 ones thought to be poorly completed in content were used for data analysis. Three coders classified data obtained from the interview and the questionnaire research into 5 detailed items relating to such as anatomical physiology, pathology, pharmacology. microbiology and basics of nursing. The three coders had experiences in nursing education of 18 years, 8 years and 6 years, respectively, and of them one coder was professor in basic nursing sciences. Data were statistically treated using frequency analysis and percentage by the SAS program. As a result, the following findings were obtained : It was found that the contents that ICU nurses responded were most needed in the field of Human structure and function were water and electrolytic balance(38%), blood and circulatory system(20%), changer in the patient's skin(12%), the arrangement of the human body(10%) and the endocrine system(10%), nervous system(6%), and assessment of the state of the patient's consciousness(4%). It was found that the contents that ICU nurses responded were most needed in the field of pathology were found to be the process of the progress of the disease(32%), symptoms of the disease(27%), prognosis of the disease(22%), followed by the injury-healing process, clinical pathological examination, and examination by radiation. It was found that the contents that nurses responded were most needed in the field of pharmacology were the effect of drug(25%), the side effect of drug(22%), the relationship between diseases and drug(20%), the relationship between disease-causing bacteria and drug(20%) and chemotherapy(2%). It was found that the contents that ICU nurses responded were most needed in the field of microbiology were the relationship between diseases and disease-causing bacteria(45%), Kinds and characteristics of disease-causing bacteria(18%), infection control(16%), application of the aseptic technique(12%), isolation(9%) and the like. It was found that the basic knowledge that ICU nurses responded were needed were the identification of the patient's current state(36%), understanding of the therapeutic process(22%), the operating principle of medical equipment and instrument(20%), medical terminology(9%), equipment and instrument management(7%), calculation of the dose of injection(2%) and the like.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.583-594
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to conduct a survey on the senses that preliminary dental hygienists have on employment, who applied for the National Dental Hygienist Examination, so that it could provide a basic reference required for fostering good human resources specializing in oral health with a sense of mission and responsibility as professional. To meet these goals, a self-administered questionnaire survey was conducted for participants in a refresher education meeting for preliminary dental hygienists across three major regions(Seoul, Daejeon and Busan), which was held by the Korean Dental Hygienists Association(KDHA) on Jan. 15, 2006. Total 289 sheets of questionnaire were collected, and 262 sheets except invalid or incomplete ones were used for examination and analysis. As a result, this study came to the following conclusions: First, it was found that 40.4% respondents wanted to be employed in dental clinic or hospital. Most respondents(90.1%) answered that faithfulness is most valued as prerequisite qualification for employment in hospital, and highest percentage of respondents(39.3%) wanted to earn 16 to 17 million Korean won annually. For internship opportunities, 61.9% respondents replied that they could willingly accept the internship, provided that basic pay and switchover to regular employee are all assured. Second, as the results of survey on employment circumstances around respondents, it was found that most respondents(58.3%) were employed in dental clinic or hospital, and highest percentage of respondents(35.0%) earned 15 to 16 million Korean won. Third, it was found that interpersonal relationships among employees had most significant effects(4.81) on selection of employment, which was followed by in-house welfare benefits 1(monthly/annual vacation, resting room, etc; 4.56). For possible influential factors on the selection of employment depending on whether employed or not, it was found that there were Significant differences in pay, welfare benefit 2(seminar, orientation, refresher training opportunities, etc), post-wedding continued employment and merit system between employees and non-employees(pE0.05). Fourth, the survey on respondents' occupational senses of dental hygienist showed that major tasks of dental hygienists were represented by oral disease prevention(92.6%), case management(71.5%), oral health education(66.3%), hospital/clinic management and dental management support(10.4%) and public oral health activities(6.7%) respectively. For job satisfaction, it was found that almost half respondents(48.9%) showed satisfaction at their job and 32.6% felt satisfied at and proud of their job. That is, majority of respondents(81.5%) felt satisfied at their job as dental hygienist. For follow-up requirements to qualify for dental hygienists, it was found that 73.3% felt it necessary to give more investments to self-development, 62.2% respondents considered protection of membership's rights as one of future assignments that KDHA should be more committed to. For future social awareness about dental hygienists as occupation, 69.2% respondents expected that they would be better developed and treated as professional. And desired training courses as a part of qualification for professional dental hygienists were represented by case management(services, manners, etc; 33.3%), implant(28.9%), esthetics(correction, prosthesis, whitening; 18.9%) and so on. For an item on working years, it was noted that 75.9% respondents would keep working as dental hygienists as long as they could.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.577-591
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• 2011

A food exchange system for diabetes is a useful tool for meal planning and nutritional education. The first edition of the Korean food exchange lists was developed in 1988 and the second edition was revised in 1995. With recent changes in the food marketplace and eating patterns of Koreans, the third edition of food exchange lists was revised in 2010 by the Korean Diabetes Association, the Korean Nutrition Society, the Korean Society of Community Nutrition, the Korean Dietetic Association and the Korean Association of Diabetes Dietetic Educators through a joint research effort. The third edition is based on nutritional recommendations for people with diabetes and focuses on adding foods to implement personalized nutrition therapy considering individual preferences in diverse dietary environment. Foods were selected based on scientific evidence including the 2007 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data analysis and survey responses from 53 diabetes dietetic educators. While a few foods were deleted, a number of foods were added, with 313 food items in food group lists and 339 food items in the appendix. Consistent with previous editions, the third edition of the food exchange lists included six food categories (grains, meat, vegetables, fats and oils, milk, and fruits). The milk group was subdivided into whole milk group and low fat milk. The standard nutrient content in one exchange from each food group was almost the same as the previous edition. Korea Food & Drug Administration's FANTASY (Food And Nutrient daTA SYstem) database was used to obtain nutrient values for each individual food and to determine the serving size most appropriate for matching reference nutrients values by each food group. The revised food exchange lists were subjected to a public hearing by experts. The third edition of the food exchange lists will be a helpful tool for educating people with diabetes to select the kinds and amounts of foods for glycemic control, which will eventually lead to preventing complications while maintaining the pleasure of eating.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.130-146
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• 1994

Our medical care system is trying to diversify in order to meet the client's needs, and to adjust to a medical environment which is changing very rapidly. Because current nursing theory and practice focus on holistic care, health care management, education, and research, contrary to the traditional emphasis on only assisting a physician, more autonomy and specialization for the implementation of nursing are required. Considering these trends and actual needs, the category of clinical nurse specialist should be established as soon as possible. In order to develop strategies for implementing this new professional specialty, the authors conducted a field survey and literature review of the current system in Korea. As a result, various obstacles and constraints were discovered as follows : 1) There are few accredited educational programs for the training of CNS's. 2) Several hospitals already have staff designated as clinical nurse specialist (CNS) even though the term CNS is not yet standardized or adopted in nationwide. 3) The role of the CNS is not clearly understood by the medical societies, or even nursing societies. A nurse who works in specific nursing areas such as central supply, kidney dialysis, intensive care, coronary care, etc. for a long time, considers herself /himself a CNS. Based upon the above findings, the following alternatives are recommended. 1) The role of the CNS should be defined according to specified functions and authority : professional autonomy ; counselling and educating patients and their familes, nurses, and even other medical personnel ; research on improvement of nursing ; and management of the nursing environment including medical resources, information, and cases. 2) the qualification of CNS should be attained only by a nurse who has an RN license and clinical experience of more than 3 years in a specific nursing field: passes a qualifying examination; and contributes to the professional development of peers, colleagues, and others. A master's degree should only be optional, because of the insufficient of graduate programs which are well designed for the CNS. 3) The CNS should initially be a head nurse rather than line staff in order to deal with as wide an experience base as possible. 4) The nursing specialty could be divided into two areas such as a clinical field and a community field. The clinical field could then be categorized by the Styles' classification such as diseases and pathogenics, systems, ages, acuity, skills/techniques, and function/role ; the community field could be classified according to work site.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.79-99
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• 2015

본 연구의 조사대상은 대구, 경북지역에 소재한 대학교에 재학 중인 방사선과를 전공하는 대학생을 조사대상으로 2014년 2월 3일부터 2월21일까지 설문조사를 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 방사선피폭관리에 대한 지식에 대해서는 'X선의 차폐는 납이나 콘크리트로 된 물질이 가능 하다', '인체에서 생식선은 방사선에 매우 민감한 부분이다' 문항에서 가장 높은 점수를 보였고, '직업상 피폭선량은 규정된 5년간에 대해 평균하여 연간 20 mSv를 넘을 수 없다'는 방사선피폭관리에 대한 지식이 가장 낮은 점수를 보였다. 2. 방사선피폭관리에 대한 태도에 대해서는 '방사선피폭과 관련하여 정기적인 건강진단을 받아야한다'. '방사선 조사지역에서 작업 시 방호복을 착용해야한다'는 문항에서 가장 높은 태도 수준을 보였고, '방사선장치의 선량보정 (Calibration)을 위한 선량측정을 정기적으로 해야 한다'는 방사선피폭관리에 대한 태도에서 가장 낮은 태도수준을 보였다. 3. 방사선피폭관리에 대한 행위에 대해서는 '방사선 조사 시 방어벽(판) 뒤에서 작업을 한 다'. '방사선피폭관리에 관한 교육을 정기적으로 받는 다'는 문항에서 가장 높은 행위 수준을 보였고, '근무지의 방사선 관련 장비가 순조로운 작업 상태로 되어 있는가를 사용 전 점점(Check)한다'는 가장 낮은 행위 수준을 보였다.