• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.106-113
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• 2016

Lean burn engine, classified into port injection and direct injection, is recognized as a promising way to meet better fuel economy. Especially, LPG direct injection engine is becoming increasingly popular due to their potential for improved fuel economy and emissions. Also, LPDi engine has the advantages of higher power output, higher thermal efficiency, higher EGR tolerance due to the operation characteristics of increased volumetric efficiency, compression ratio and ultra-lean combustion scheme. However, LPDi engine has many difficulties to be solved, such as complexity of injection control mode (fuel injection timing, injection rate), fuel injection pressure, spark timing, unburned hydrocarbon and restricted power. This study is investigated to the influence of spark timing, fuel injection position and fuel injection rate on the combustion stability of LPDi engine. Piston shape is constituted the bowl type piston. The characteristics of combustion is analyzed with the variations of spark timing, fuel injection position and fuel injection rate (early injection, late injection) in a LPDi engine.

• World Technopolis Review
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.276-286
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• 2013

"Federal investments into the future of a region" - pushing economy in the right direction or throwing tax money into a black hole? Hot-headed contentions keep circulating within politics and economy discussing the effect of technology centers and their sustainability within a region. Start-up support and technological infrastructure with the auxiliary service of well developed sector-oriented clusters as a fertile soil for successful networks are an undeniable advantage of well organised technology centers. Sceptic contemporaries still hold against that in order to implement such a center millions of federal funds for infrastructure and operation are invested. What output of this tax money is verifiable in the long run? The case of Dortmund provides substantial food for this necessary and relevant discussion. Now, after 27 years of history of the TechnologieZentrumDortmund, TZDO for short, a positive balance can be drawn. This is not just a matter of personal belief and stance. Fortunately, a recent study on the economic effects of the TZDO on the whole region was performed by the Center of Applied Economy Research M$\ddot{u}$nster, Germany (Gundel and Luttmann 2008). The result is clear and measurable: the TZDO has shown to be of great impact on the positive development of a whole region. This paper presents an account of the approach of the TechnologieZentrumDortmund and its current strategy and mode of operation to reach an utmost of effectiveness of personal and pecuniary input in establishing economic success for the region of Dortmund. An immense change of minds, employment opportunities and a massive structural change of the whole region were some of the ambitious aims that had to be reached and that are achieved to a large extent.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.117-125
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• 2019

This study was aimed to derive measures for maximizing ripple effect of construction of overseas industrial complexes on domestic economy. The induced coefficients were estimated for each step of development of industrial complexes by applying the raw data of ICAK and the input-output mode. As a result, for urban service, the fraction of labor costs was high, and for civil engineering, the fraction of profit & loss was high. However, the proportion of intermediate and profit & loss was high in Architecture. Consequently, compare to the same type of overseas constructions, larger effects were seen at urban service in terms of employment, at civil engineering and architecture in terms of business, and at national economy in terms of architecture. These results suggest that in order to maximize ripple effect of construction of overseas industrial complex on domestic economy, it will be needed to seek an order strategy including not only simply sell a land and but also building factories in the industrial complex.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.55
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• pp.265-290
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• 2012

CEPA (Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement) between India and Korea may vitalize Korean economy more and more. Currently most of Korean firms have entered into manufacturing industries like electronics and automobiles. But only a few Korean companies are trying to penetrate into Indian green industry so this paper suggest how to enter into Indian green industry, especially renewable energy sectors. First, Exporting main shaft, tower-flange and polysilicon products can be considered, as a first step of entry mode. Second, entry mode based on contract like technology licensing, strategic alliance and joint venture establishment can be also one of options. For example, Korean solar energy industry which show more competitiveness than that of Indians should try to make technological licensing on PV modules. In addition to this, they should also try to make joint ventures with right Indian partners and build up 'Solar City' nearby regions like Gurgaon in India where many Korean firms are located. Korean shipbuilding firms like Hyundai Engineering which keep on developing wind turbo engines can also try to make strategic alliance with Indian firms like Suzlon which has strong competitiveness. After that, they should explore Korean and Indian wind sector markets together. Third, brownfield investment can be last and final option as a entry mode as we consider the peculiar characteristics of renewable energy industry. Lastly, Korean government which are rush to indulge into green business should formulate more proper and realistic policies to give big incentives the concerned firms which are trying to open international green market so government should make Korean green firms not to lose good market opportunities related to green industry like renewable energy sectors. Renewable energy sectors are basically regarded as infrastructures so close contact to Indian central government as well as state government will be also required.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.135-166
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• 2014

'Creative Economy' has been announced as the new paradigm of socio-economic development strategy of newly elected President Geun-Hye Park's administration. By explicitly defining people as a major player in creative activity, it seems to depart from expert-driven or science & technology-focused development paradigms of previous administrations. Yet, its interpretation and operation in terms of government policy does not seem to show any differences. This study aims to explicate the nature of Creative Economy as a development paradigm by clarifying the differences between people's creativity and that of scientists and engineers through extensive literature review. People can contribute to the creative activity not just as users but also as living persons who make everyday yet independent choices based on their humanistic, philosophical, ethical and experiential capabilities which are clearly different from the sources of scientists' & engineers' creativity. People's creative activity does involve value judgement about life and can often accelerate the system innovation or transition by changing consumer behaviour and lifestyle, and hence destruct technological lock-in user lock-in of the existing system. People's creativity can thus present 'User/Field-driven Innovation Paradigm which clearly differs from existing expert- or science & technology-driven innovation paradigm. The Creative Economy with focus on people's creativity therefore faces new socio-economic development challenges of fulfilling the User/Field-driven Innovation Paradigm.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.142-147
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• 2011

Compressed natural gas (CNG) is well known as one of the cleanest burning alternative fuels. Bi-fuel CNG vehicle can also run on gasoline or another fuel while dedicated natural gas vehicle is designed to run on natural gas only. Recently, increased attention has been focused on bi-fuel CNG/LPG taxi because of good fuel economy of CNG. A number of LPG taxis modified to CNG Bi-fuel vehicles are running in many cities. In this paper, the emissions characteristics of in-use passenger cars running on CNG and LPG were investigated. Chassis dynamometer test was used to measure exhaust emissions from an in-use fleet of 5 cars. Exhaust emissions were collected for CVS-75 driving mode. The test results showed that for CNG fuel mode, CO, $CO_2$ and NMHC emissions decreased to 9%, 12% and 14% respectively, and $CH_4$ and $NO_x$ emissions increased to 317% and 47% respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2005.11b
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• pp.208-211
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• 2005

This paper describes the development process of steering system for reduce idle vibration through the data level of frequency and sensitivity. High stiffness and light weight vehicle is a major target in the refinement of passenger cars to meet customers' contradictable requirements between NVH performance and fuel economy. The target frequency of the steering system is set by benchmarking of a competitive vehicle and the vibration mode map is used to separate steering column modes from resonance of body structure and engine idle rpm. This paper descirbes the analysis approach process for high stiffness of steering system and the design guideline is suggested about steering column and support system by using mother car at initial design stage. We used a patent map in order to analyze accurately a technical trend and suggested the design process using dynamic damper of steering system considering sensitivity. And we established techniques of analysis on steering system and evaluated the level of accuracy of analysis through correlating the test and analysis results. It makes possible to design the good NVH performance vehicle at initial design stage and save vehicles to be used in tests. These improvements can lead to shortening the time needed to develop better vehicles.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.1442-1450
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• 2001

The EGR system has been widely used to reduce nitrogen oxides (NO$\_$x/) emission, to improve fuel economy and suppress knock by using the characteristics of charge dilution. However, as the EGR rate at a given engine operating condition increases, the combustion instability increases. The combustion instability increases cyclic variations resulting in the deterioration of engine performance and emissions. Therefore, the optimum EGR rate should be carefully determined in order to obtain the better engine performance and emissions. An experimental study has been performed to investigate the effects of EGR on combustion stability, engine performance,70x and the other exhaust emissions from 1.5 liter gasoline engine. Operating conditions are selected from the test result of the high speed and high acceleration region of SFTP mode which generates more NO$\_$x/ and needs higher engine speed compared to FTP-75 (Federal Test Procedure) mode. Engine power, fuel consumption and exhaust emissions are measured with various EGR rate. Combustion stability is analyzed by examining the variation of indicated mean effective pressure (COV$\_$imep/) and the timings of maximum pressure (P$\_$max/) location using pressure sensor. Engine performance is analyzed by investigating engine power and maximum cylinder pressure and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC)

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.267-275
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• 2021

This study investigates the relationship between cultural distance and entry mode choice, where the foreign investor firm and the host country are both from emergent economies. Within this framework, research is limited and the issue is whether companies, regardless of their specific situations, have the same strategy when they meet a high degree of uncertainty in the host environment. In this study, we focused on the influence of informal institutional factors: cultural distance, that has been extensively analyzed in international business, measured by Kogut and Singh index and defined according to Hofstede, Globe Project and Schwartz approaches. The general trend derived from prior research proves that when a company from a developed country is involved; overall more enthusiasm is shown for wholly-owned subsidiaries rather than joint venture. This result still stands validated for corporations from this emergent economy area. Our analysis of a sample of 163 FDI in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) using logistic binary regression model reveals that the foreign firms prefer to establish wholly-owned subsidiaries in the host country over entering into a joint venture with a local firm, taking into consideration the large cultural distance.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.156-165
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• 2023

IEEE 802.15.4e-TSCH is recognized as a wireless industrial sensor network standard used in IoT systems. To ensure both power savings and reliable communications, the TSCH standard uses techniques including channel hopping and bandwidth reserve. In TSCH mode, scheduling is crucial because it allows sensor nodes to select when data should be delivered or received. Because a wide range of applications may necessitate energy economy and transmission dependability, we present a distributed approach that uses a cluster tree topology to forecast scheduling requirements for the following slotframe, concentrating on the Poisson model. The proposed Optimized Minimal Scheduling Function (OMSF) is interested in the details of the scheduling time intervals, something that was not supported by the Minimal Scheduling Function (MSF) proposed by the 6TSCH group. Our contribution helps to deduce the number of cells needed in the following slotframe by reducing the number of negotiation operations between the pairs of nodes in each cluster to settle on a schedule. As a result, the cluster tree network's error rate, traffic load, latency, and queue size have all decreased.