• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.71-82
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting the purchases of well-being tea drinks based on the analysis of demographic characteristics, well-being oriented consumer behaviors, and consumer consciousness toward well-being tea drinks. The subjects of this study were undergraduates and graduate students in Seoul. The findings were summarized as follows: 1. Well-being oriented consumer behavior patterns were categorized in three factors; non-dietary life, selective dietary life, and regular/temperate behavior and consumer consciousness toward well-being tea drinks were categorized in two factors; habit/ familiarity and health/ economical efficiency. 2. Multiple regression analysis was used for finding out factors affecting the purchases of well-being tea drinks; independent variables were demographic characteristics(sex, monthly average family income and the amount of personal expenditure), well-being oriented consumer behavior factors and consumer consciousness factors toward well-being tea drinks. Weekly purchase frequency of well-being tea drinks was defined as a dependent variable. As a result, the purchases of well-being tea drinks were influenced in order of regular/temperate behavior, the consciousness of health/ economical efficiency, the amount of personal expenditure and the consciousness of habit/ familiarity. Especially, regular/temperate behavior negatively affected the purchases of well-being tea drinks.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 2009

The study investigated the eating lifestyles of female consumers and whether they influenced weight control behavior. The findings of the study can be summarized as follows. First, the eating lifestyles of the subjects were presented four types: 'active eating life pursuit type', 'safe economical type', 'gourmet type' and 'passive negligence type'. In general, most cases were of the 'passive negligence type'. Second, weight control behavior was analyzed according to eating lifestyle. The results of the analysis indicated that the female consumers of the 'active eating life pursuit type' and 'safe economy type' had high behavior levels in each aspect of weight control attitude, subjective regulation, perceived behavior control, and behavior intention. Third, the 'gourmet type', with a strong preference for taste, and the 'passive negligence type', with fewer eating considerations in general, showed weaker attitudes towards weight control and the recognition of pressure from people around them. As such, the level of consideration for food or eating was correlated with weight control. These findings impliedy that the more active, safer, and economical women are in their general eating style, the stronger they perceive weight control issues.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.10 no.2 s.39
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• pp.167-178
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• 2007

In general, it is known that the concrete ballast track is possible to reduce a cost of maintenance activities cause of maintenance free by restrictive maintenance in application of track ballast structures. However, if deteriorations and fracture mechanism of a material are considered, proper maintenance activities and repairing are continually required. For the problems, we evaluated an economical efficiency of the gravel ballast and the concrete ballast on a proper level of maintenance activities. As the method based on history path is difficult to obtain sufficient reliabilities cause of an absence of real data for maintenance activities, we chose the delphi survey method by professional group, and we obtained the appropriate index and profiles for maintenance activities. As a result, we founded that effects for cost reduction can be expected by preventive maintenance management, and we proposed economical restrictions and life cycle cost for track ballast structures in a life cycle.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.981-988
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• 2002

Generally, the term "energy saving is economical" is appropriate for the national view point and for design and assessment of one system, but not appropriate when choosing the system by comparing alternative systems in the early design step. Sometimes, non-energy saving system is more economical than energy saving system because of the price of electricity, gas or oil, which are used for operating the air conditioning system. Therefore, when designing the system, we should consider the efficient alternatives through economic assessment of energy saving method. However, research on non-operating number control of the system is not sufficient because it is more common to use operating number control of the system for most economic assessment of air conditioning system. For this reason, this research can provide the economics through operating number control as basic design data. The data obtained through assesment of Life Cycle Cost based on amount of yearly energy use, were produced by system simulation of HASP/ACLD/8501 and HASP/ACSS/8502 for six alternative heating/cooling systems based on constant air volume conditioning system, which is widely used for medium and large office buildings in Busan.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.21-42
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the overall levels of the middle aged salary men's attitudes toward retirement plan and financial planning for post-retirement life, and to understand the influencing variables such as personal, socio-economical and job characteristics. The data were collected from the 445 middle aged male salary workers through the structured questionnaires and were analysed by SPSS program. The major findings of this study were as follows: First, the salary men had different level of perception of retirement issues and retirement planning for post-retirement life. Second, according to the attitudes for retirement planning types, the affecting variables were different. Third, the results of the analysis showed that personal characteristics, job characteristics, economical background and the perception of family care were affecting the level of financial planning for retirement. And the positive attitude was the most crucial variable which affected the financial planning for retirement.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.409-420
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• 2015

Purpose: This study is to estimate the life of elevator wire rope by using the accelerated degradation test with two accelerating variables of applied load and corrosion. Methods: Linear regression method is used to find the pseudo life of elevator wire rope at each combination of accelerating variables and the median life of elevator wire rope at use condition is estimated under the assumption that the life of elevator wire rope follows lognormal distribution. Results: The particular case study demonstrated that the results of the elevator wire life estimation by using the proposed method can provide the better solutions than existing methods. Conclusion: It can be economical to use accelerated degradation model for estimating the life of elevator wire rope.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.31-44
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to understand how consumers perceive the costs of using certain types of sales-promotions and to suggest ways in which sales-promotions should be developed to contribute to the consumers' welfare and the development of Marketing Strategy. The sufficiency of the consumers' desire was essential to new and creative sales-promotion strategy. This study investigated the perceived costs of using timely opportunity costs, extra expenses, substitution costs, uncomfortable feeling, regrets and economical and psychological satisfactions on certain types of sales-promotions such as off line, coupon, packed items, collection and on line, and event. In the study results on the perceived costs of using certain types of sales-promotions, off line sales-promotions were perceived more than substitution costs, extra expenses, regrets and on line sales-promotions were perceived more than timely opportunity costs. These results were caused by immediately using off line sales-promotions and becoming a member of on line sales-promotions. In the research result on the perceived costs of using certain types of sales-promotions and economical satisfactions, off line sales-promotions exhibited positive relations with substitution costs of coupon and extra expenses, regrets of packed items and collection about economical satisfactions. On line sales-promotions exhibited positive relations with extra expenses and regrets about economical satisfactions. The research results on the perceived costs of using certain types of sales-promotions and psychological satisfactions, off line sales-promotions exhibited positive relations with timely opportunity costs of coupon and collection about psychological satisfactions. On line sales-promotions exhibited positive relations with substitution costs about psychological satisfactions. These results were caused by the feeling of leisure time as the consumer played games or hobbies. This study proposes an approach in the context of sales-promotion with some suggestions and thoughts.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.303-312
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• 2012

Water supply and sewerage systems are the large-scale urban infrastructure ejecting large amount of environmental load over the life-cycle. Therefore, it is important not only to optimize in the aspect of economical superiority and process efficiency but also to consider earth scale environmental impact. This study aimed to suggest the establishment of life cycle management(LCM) system as an integrated management solution in urban water supply and sewerage systems. As a result, the methodology for LCM system consisting of life cycle assessment(LCA), life cycle cost(LCC), life cycle $CO_{2}(LCCO_{2})$ and life cycle energy(LCE) was developed. Also, several case studies using the latest statistics data of water supply and sewerage systems were carried out to investigate the field applicability of LCM.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.151-158
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• 1998

This paper presents an optimal decision model for minimizing the life-cycle cost of steel box girder bridges. The point is that it takes into account service life process as a whole, and the life-cycle costs include initial (design, testing, and construction) costs, maintenance costs and expected failure costs. The problem is formulated as that of minimization of expected total life-cycle cost with respect to the design variables. The optimal solution identifies those values of the decision variables that result in minimum expected total cost. The performance constraints in the form of flexural failure and shear failure are those specified in the design code. Based on extensive numerical investigations, it may be positively stated that the optimum design of steel box girder bridges based on life-cycle cost approach proposed in this study provides a lot more rational and economical design, and thus the proposed approach will propose the development of new concepts and design methodologies that may have important implications in the next generation performance-based design codes and standards.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.126-136
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• 1995

The studies had been conducted to evaluate the grain processing effects for ruminants on starch digestion, body weight gain and feed efficiency since 1970. This research deals with experimental results on chemical structure, gelatinization, microbial starch digestion in rumen, intestinal starch digestion in rumen, roles of protozoa, intestinal starch digestion of bypass starch, limits to starch digestion in small intestine. The grain processing has different effects on digestion, weight gain and feed efficiency when different grain sources and contents is used, and the quality and quantity of roughage is different. The economical and efficient method of grain processing should be selected considering weight gain and feed efficiency enhancement than digestibility.