• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.584-591
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• 2021

Marine algae (seaweed) encompass numerous groups of multicellular organisms with various shapes, sizes, and colors, and serve as important sources of natural bioactive substances. The brown alga Ecklonia cava Kjellman, an edible seaweed, contains many bioactives such as phlorotannins and fucoidans. Here, we evaluated the antioxidative, neuroprotective, and anti-apoptotic effects of E. cava extract (ECE), E. cava phlorotannin-rich extract (ECPE), and the phlorotannin dieckol on neuronal PC-12 cells. The antioxidant capacities of ECPE and ECE were 1,711.5 and 1,050.4 mg vitamin C equivalents/g in the ABTS assay and 704.0 and 474.6 mg vitamin C equivalents/g in the DPPH assay, respectively. The dieckol content of ECPE (58.99 mg/g) was approximately 60% higher than that of ECE (36.97 mg/g). Treatment of PC-12 cells with ECPE and ECE increased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Intracellular oxidative stress in PC-12 cells due to ECPE and ECE decreased dose-independently by up to 63% and 47%, respectively, compared with the stress control (323%). ECPE reduced the production of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3 more effectively than ECE. Early and late apoptosis in PC-12 cells were more effectively decreased by ECPE than ECE treatments. From the results obtained in this study, we concluded that ECPE, which is rich in phlorotannins, including the marker compound dieckol, may be applied to the development of functional materials for improving cognition and memory.

• ALGAE
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.177-185
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• 2019

Ecklonia cava is popular in Korea as a marine functional materials. E. cava is generally collected and used on the coast of Jeju Island. However, the continuous use of collected natural E. cava may be limited because difficult to secure throughout the year and may be exposed to environmental pollution. Jeju magma seawater (MSW) was known to be significant advantages such as safety, cleanness, stability, and functional improvement. Attempts have been reported on application of MSW to the culturing of macro- and microalgae and showed improved results. Thus, the objective of the present study was to explore the anti-melanogenesis activity of brown seaweed E. cava (E. cava cultured with MSW [MSWE]) extract cultured in tanks with MSW of Jeju Island to evaluate the possibility of cosmeceutical industrial application. MSWE extract showed the higher polyphenolic and dieckol contents than natural E. cava (NE) extract. Anti-melanogenesis activity of MSWE extract and NE extract are tested and compared using tyrosinase and dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) oxidation inhibition assay. MSWE extracts evidenced more effective tyrosinase and DOPA oxidation inhibition activity than that of the NE extracts and the commercial whitening agent, arbutin. MSWE extracts also markedly inhibited melanin synthesis and decreased the expression of melanogenesis-related protein in ${\alpha}$-melanocyte stimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells without cytotoxicity. These results suggest that MSW cultivation process would be more effective in releasing bioactive compounds with whitening effect from seaweed such as E. cava at an industrial scale.

• 한국해양바이오학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.29-35
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• 2019

In the present study, the alcoholic and enzymatic extracts of Ecklonia maxima were prepared and their antioxidant activities were evaluated via the free radical scavenging activities. The lyophilized seaweed powder was extracted by 70% ethanol and the resultant extract was obtained, named as the alcoholic extract of E. maxima stem (EMSE) obtained. The residue after EMSE preparation was continuously by Celluclast-assistant extraction and then the obtained enzymatic extract was identified as polysaccharides-rich extract of E. maxima stem (EMSP). The results indicated that the extraction yields of EMSE and EMSP were 2.18% and 5.43%, respectively. In addition, the free radical scavenging activities of EMSE and EMSP were determined using an electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer. EMSE containing 5.36% of polyphenol and 1.56% of polysaccharide scavenged DPPH and alkyl radicals at the $IC_{50}$ values of 0.48 and 0.63 mg/mL, respectively. EMSP containing 0.33% of polyphenol and 41.58% of polysaccharide showed at the $IC_{50}$ values of 0.33 and 0.55 mg/mL, respectively. These results demonstrate that EMSP containing a high amount of polysaccharides possesses a strong free radical scavenging activity which might be a potential ingredient in pharmacological and cosmeceutical industries.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.197-206
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• 2021

Marine brown seaweeds are a source of functional ingredients with various biological properties. They have been used in the food and functional food industries. Brown seaweeds are divided into three parts of blades, stipe, and root. Normally seaweed blades were used as raw materials for biological research. However, there are limited uses on stipes of Ecklonia maxima (E. maxima) depending on the physicochemical, nutritional, and biological properties. Besides, the comparative studies of two structures of E. maxima, blades and stipe didn't discover previously. This study aimed to compare the potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the two structures of E. maxima, blades and stipe in vitro studies to increase the utilization of the two structures of E. maxima. The enzyme-assisted hydrolysate from E. maxima showed significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Among them, celluclast-assisted hydrolysate from E. maxima blades (EMBC) and viscozyme-assisted hydrolysate from E. maxima stipe (EMSV) expressed significant protection on hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Moreover, EMBC and EMSV treatment remarkably reduced nitric oxide production by downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expressions in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated Raw 264.7 cells. Especially EMBC showed strong inhibition on pro-inflammatory cytokine production compared to EMSV. Taken together research findings suggest that EMBC and EMSV possessed potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and may be utilized as functional ingredients in the food and functional food sectors.

• 환경생물
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.404-415
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• 2020

감태(Ecklonia cava)는 다년생 대형갈조류로써 활용성이 매우 높은 것으로 알려졌다. 이 연구는 감태의 대량 생산을 위한 실내 배양 조건 확립을 위해서 계절과 질소원 종류에 따른 감태 포자체의 생장과 생화학적 반응을 조사하였다. 제주도 서귀포 해역에 생육하는 감태를 계절별로 채집하여 계절별 수온조건(봄 17℃, 여름 25℃, 가을 21℃와 겨울 15℃)과 4가지 영양염 조건[대조구(control), 100 μM NH₄⁺를 넣은 실험구(NH), 100 μM NO₃^-를 추가한 실험구(NO), 50 μM NH₄⁺와 50 μM NO₃^-를 함께 넣은 실험구(NHNO)]에서 배양하여 엽체의 생체량과 면적 변화에 따른 생장률, 질산환원효소 활성도와 광합성 색소 함량을 조사하였다. 감태의 생장은 뚜렷한 계절 변화를 나타냈고, 무게와 면적과의 상관성은 계절별로 차이를 보였다. 무게와 면적의 일일생장률은 겨울에 최고 값(5.8±0.5와 6.6±0.5% day^-1)을 보였고, 여름에 최저 값(2.2±0.2와 3.0±0.3% day^-1)을 나타냈다. 엽체의 일일생장률은 NH와 NO 실험구에서 가장 높았으며 NHNO 실험구에서 중간 값 그리고 대조구에서 가장 낮은 값을 보였다. 감태의 질산환원 효소 활성도는 계절적으로 유의한 차이를 나타났으며, 대조구에서 가장 높고(1.32±0.10 μmol NO₂^- g^-1 dry weight h^-1), NH 실험구에서 가장 낮았다(0.25±0.02 μmol NO₂^- g^-1 dry weight h^-1). 엽체 내 광합성 색소의 함량은 대조구에서 가장 낮고 NHNO 실험구에서 가장 높았다. 본 연구결과는 감태 배양을 위한 배양액을 제작 시, 단일 종류의 질소원으로 제작하는 것이 생장률을 향상시킨다는 것을 보여주었으며, 실내배양에 따른 최적 질소원 종류를 결정하는 데 중요한 기초자료를 제공할 것이다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.716-723
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• 1995

갈조류인 한국산 곰피(Ecklonia stolonifera)에서 fucoidan을 추출 정제하여 분자 구조적 특성을 조사하고 항혈액 응고 활성을 측정하였다. 건조곰피 20.0kg을 $100^{\circ}C$에서 2시간동안 2회 열수 추출하고 ethanol로 침전시켜 crude fucoidan 151.1g을 얻었다. Crude fucoidan을 염화칼슘과 cetyl pyridium chloride(CPC)로서 정제하여 Fucoidan-1을 얻었고 수율은 35.2%였다. 이 Fucoidan-1을 여러조건하에서 DEAE-Toyopearl 650 M 이온교환 chromatography법을 이용하여 정제한 결과 cellulose acetate 막 전기영동상에서 하나의 band를 나타내는 순도가 높은 곰피 Fucoidan-5을 얻었으며 dextran을 표준품으로 gel filtration chromatography를 행한 결과 분자량은 21,000∼23,000이었다. 곰피 Fucoidan-5의 구성당은 fucose 35.7%와 galactose 4.3%이였고, fucose와 황산기의 mole 비는 약 1 : 1이었다. 적외선 흡수 spectrum 에서 $1240\;cm^{-1}$와 $850\;cm^{-1}$ 부근에서 흡수가 확인되었으며 비선광도가 $-127.2^{\circ}$인 것으로 보아 황산기는 주로 ${\alpha}-L-fucose$의 4번 위치의 탄소에 결합되어 있는 것으로 추정할 수 있었다. 또한 곰피 Fucoidan-5를 methyl화하여 가수분해하고 methyl alditol acetate를 만든 후 gas chromatography를 행한 결과 Fucoidan-5는 주로 황산기를 C4에 가진 fucose가 ${\alpha}l-2$결합 또는 ${\alpha}l-3$결합으로 이루어진 다당류임을 추정할 수 있었다. 곰피 Fucoidan-5의 항 thrombin 활성은 heparin(140 units/mg)의 약 1.4배이었다. 이상의 결과에서 CPC법과 이온교환 chromatography법을 사용하여 갈조류인 곰피로부터 분리 정제한 곰피 Fucoidan-5는 순도가 높은 fucoidan임을 알 수 있었고 수율은 28.1%였다.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.439-446
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• 2015

Inflammation is a protective response to infection or injury. However, prolonged inflammation can contribute to the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, arthritis, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies have shown that activated macrophages, inflammatory effector cells, can react to tissue insults in a polarized manner, in which their phenotypes are polarized into two major subtypes, categorized as M1 or M2. Classical M1 activation involves the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-${\alpha}$, and free radicals, while M2 or alternative activation is an anti-inflammatory phenotype involved in homeostatic processes, such as wound healing, debris scavenging, and the dampening of inflammation via the production of very low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and high levels of anti-inflammatory mediators, including IL-10. As part of our ongoing effort to isolate anti-inflammatory compounds from seaweeds, we investigated the effects of phlorotannins isolated from the brown alga Ecklonia stolonifera on macrophage polarization. Mouse peritoneal macrophages were treated with various concentrations of the extracts, and real-time RT-PCR analyses were performed to examine the expression of polarization markers: IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$ for M1 and arginase-1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-${\gamma}$, found inflammatory zone-1 (Fizz-1), chitinase 3-like 3 (Ym1), and$Kr{\ddot{u}}ppel$-like factor 4 (Klf-4) for M2. The pretreatment of cells with eckol, dieckol, and phlorofucofuroeckol-A (PFF-A), isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of E. stolonifera ethanolic extract, potentiated the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype of the macrophages. These results indicate that phlorotannins derived from E. stolonifera can be used to enrich macrophages with markers of the M2 anti-inflammatory state.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제42권6호
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• pp.614-620
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• 2009

We report non-specific immune responses and its disease resistance against Edwardsiella tarda by alga mixture (HE; Hizikia:Ecklonia) in olive flounder for the first time. Five isonitrogenous (44% crude protein) and isocaloric (17.1 MJ $kg^{-1}$) diets were formulated to have 0%, 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% of the alga mixture. One of five experimental diets was fed triplicate groups of fish (30 fish/group) to apparent satiation in a flow through system. After a two week feeding, blood was sampled at 3, 6, 12, 24 h after the last feeding for a kinetic measurement of nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) activity and healthy fish with similar sizes in each tank were selected and injected with 1 mL of E. tarda suspension ($1.0\times10^7$ CFU/mL) to evaluate the disease resistance of the fish. Dietary supplementation of alga mixtures resulted in significantly higher non-specific immune responses compared with the fish fed the control diet. The cumulative mortality was significantly lower in the fish groups fed alga mixture containing diets than control group in the challenge test with E. tarda. Therefore, the results in this study indicate that dietary supplementation of Hizikia and Ecklonia mixtures enhance the non-specific immune responses and a disease resistance of olive flounder.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제44권6호
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• pp.791-795
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• 2011

This study examined the inhibitory activity of Ecklonia cava (EC) against ${\alpha}$-amylase to evaluate the availability of EC extract as a functional food agent. To verify the inhibitory activity of EC against porcine pancreatic ${\alpha}$-amylase, potato starch was used as a substrate. This analysis revealed that EC ethanol extract exhibited high ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory activity. For potential application within the food industry, the stability of the activity of EC ethanol extract under various heat and pH conditions was examined. The ${\alpha}$-amylase inhibitory activity of EC ethanol extract was not affected by the heat and pH treatment conditions used in this study. These results suggest that EC has the potential for development as a functional food agent.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2016

대규모 교란현상 이후 형성된 대형갈조류 감태 개체군의 계절적 변동과 회복양상을 이해하기 위해서 감태의 형태학적 특성, 가입, 사망률, 밀도와 생물량을 2013년 6월부터 2015년 6월까지 조사하였다. 감태의 전체 길이, 가장 긴 측엽의 길이와 개체당 무게는 뚜렷한 계절적 경향성을 보였다. 줄기부의 길이는 겨울부터 봄까지 증가하였으나, 여름부터 가을까지는 변화가 없었다. 이러한 결과는 감태의 형태적 변화가 주로 엽상부의 변화에 의해 나타난다는 것을 의미한다. 감태의 성장은 수온이 $15{\sim}18^{\circ}C$인 겨울부터 봄까지 매우 활발하게 일어나지만, $20^{\circ}C$ 이상의 수온에서는 저해되는 것으로 나타났다. 가입은 실험이 진행되는 기간 동안 봄부터 여름에 걸쳐 매우 낮았다. 그러나 2015년 4월 생육밀도의 감소로 인해 감태의 피도가 매우 낮아진 시점에 대량의 가입이 발생하였으며, 이것은 감태의 가입이 계절적 요인 보다는 공간과 차광효과 같은 물리적 요인에 의해 조절된다는 것을 시사한다. 어린 개체는 부착기질의 불안정성으로 인해 매우 높은 사망률을 보였다. 태풍 '볼라벤'에 의한 교란 이후 34개월이 되는 2015년 6월에 이르러 개체군의 구조가 교란 이전 수준으로 회복되었다. 따라서 대규모 교란현상 이후 감태 개체군이 교란 이전의 개체군 구조로 회복되는 데에는 3년 이상의 시간이 소요되는 것으로 판단된다. 이 연구는 해중림을 구성하는 대형갈조류의 관리, 복원 및 보호 전략을 수립하는데 매우 귀중한 생태학적 자료를 제공할 것이다.