• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.227-238
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• 2011

To investigate recognition and use of nutrition labeling on eating-out menus, self-recorded questionnaire was surveyed for 641 consumers who visited hamburger and pizza restaurants in Daejeon from May to July, 2010. Subjects were women of 51.3% and 92.9% aged 10s or 20s. Use frequency of hamburger and pizza restaurants was 2-3 times a month with 56.9%. Of subjects 41.0% knew nutrition labeling mandates of eating-out menus, 64.6% have seen nutrition labels of menus, and 44.5% read nutrition labels when purchasing. Among subjects who read nutrition labels, 67.0% (29.8% of total) referred to it when menu purchase and 60.4% (26.9% of total) experienced changing menu. The ratio of reading nutrition labels was different among gender, diet trial frequency and monthly eating-out cost. Reasons for not reading labels were "not interested in" or "never heard about" for 57.0%, and "not noticeable" for 28.7%. The ratio who read correctly all 3 pieces of information, such as calorie amount, daily value, and way of using daily value was 39.2%. Average number of correct reading was 2.13, which was different among gender, marital status, having children, diet trial frequency, monthly eating-out cost, the restaurants use frequency, and accompanying person. Many subjects wanted to be additionally provided with cholesterol and transfat. Therefore, practical and differentiated consumer educations considering consumer features are required for better nutrition labeling usage. Government's regulatory efforts and voluntary effort of eating-out companies, such as adding nutrients on labels and improving labeling places, are also necessary.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.583-594
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• 2021

This study examined the nutrient intake of Korean adults by considering the lunch type, categorized as home meals (HM), eating out (EO), and institutional meals (IM). Data was obtained from the 2019 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). Totally, 3,786 adults (1,643 men, and 2,143 women) aged between 19-64 years were included in the study. Subjects with daily energy intake of less than 500 kcal or over 5,000 kcal, and those who skipped lunch, were excluded. The percentage of subjects in the HM, EO, and IM were 31.9, 53.6, and 14.4%, respectively. The daily energy intakes of the HM, EO, and IM groups were determined to be 2,185, 2,360, and 2,339 kcal, respectively, in men, and 1,622, 1,731, and 1,741 kcal, respectively, in women. Among the three groups, men in the EO group had more intake of fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, and riboflavin, and less dietary fiber, and whereas women consumed more fat and less dietary fiber and potassium. In the IM group, the men consumed more dietary fiber, potassium, and thiamine, whereas consumption of carbohydrate, unsaturated fatty acid, sodium, potassium, and thiamine was more in women. Energy contributions of carbohydrate, protein, and fat were all within the AMDR (acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges) for all lunch types, except for the percent of energy provided from saturated fat in EO (7.4% in men, and 8.2% in women). Our results indicate that the dietary habit of frequently eating out increases the fat intake, thereby resulting in increased health risks for adults. Thus, implementation of a nutritional education program to encourage balanced dietary habits is required to improve the nutritional status of individuals eating out.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.588-604
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• 2023

This study was conducted to investigate whether there were differences in eco-friendly food, home meal replacement (HMR) purchases, and eating-out behavior according to the level of agri-food consumer competence. The data for the study were extracted from main food consumers (n=3,321) in the 2022 Food Consumption Behavior Survey. The competence index was divided into awareness-attitude-practice items, and three groups were classified by competence level. The results showed an agri-food consumer competency score of 70.62, with the highest score for awareness (73.96), followed by practice (69.28) and attitude (66.18). The frequency of purchasing eco-friendly food was higher in the excellent group compared to other groups, and quality and price satisfaction was higher with higher competency (p<0.001). Regarding HMR, the results showed that the shortage group had the lowest HMR consumption rate, and satisfaction decreased as competence decreased (p<0.001). The main reason for eating-out was to enjoy food in all groups (59.0%), followed by a lack of cooking time in the excellent group (15.7%) and hassle with food preparation in the moderate and shortage groups (17.3%, 16.6%) (p<0.001). In short, agri-food consumption competency showed differences by contents and components, and differences in food purchases and eating-out behavior by competency level were found.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.199-212
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• 2002

Stress not only brings disorders in social, family life but brings also changes in eating behaviors so that the imbalance of food intake is induced. Our study was carried out to find out the association between the degree of stress and eating behaviors for the subjects of 262 female college students in the Suwon area. The study instrument was a structured questionnaire composed with questions about demographic data, food preferences, questions related to life styles, and health. All of the collected data was analyzed by the degree of stress score, grouping into high(25〈) and low stress group(〈=25). High stress group showed unhealthy lifestyles, higher percentage of irregular menstruation, smoking, dizziness, higher amount of alcohol consumption. They also showed higher preference rate of spicy foods including hot foods, oil based foods and showed percentage of removing visible fat when eating meats. They more wanted to control weight and prefers snacking compared to low stress group. These results show that stress changes in eating behaviors in a way of unhealthy life styles.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.171-180
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• 2010

외식과 건강상태와의 관련성을 파악하고자 대학병원 건강검진센터에 내원한 20세 이상의 대전시민 137명을 대상으로 2008년 12월 6일부터 2008년 12월 15일까지 외식빈도와 체위, 혈압 및 혈청성분, 영양소 식품군 섭취량을 조사하고, 외식 빈도를 주 1회 미만, 주 1회, 주 2~3회, 주4회 이상의 4개 구간으로 분류하여 외식빈도에 따른 건강 및 영양상태의 차이를 비교하였다. 1) 외식 빈도에 따라 체위와 혈압, 혈청지질과 혈당 수준, 혈청 GPT와 GOT활성도의 평균치가 모두 정상 범위 내에 속하면서 외식 빈도가 높은 주 2~3회 외식군에서 수축기 혈압과 혈청LDL콜레스테롤과 혈청총콜레스테롤 농도가 높은 경향을 보였고, 혈청중성지방은 낮은 경향을 보였다. 2) 총단백질 (p < 0.01), 동물성단백질 (p < 0.01), 동물성 지방 (p < 0.05), 인 (p < 0.05), 비타민 $B_2$ (p < 0.05)의 평균 섭취량은 외식 빈도가 높은 주 4회 이상 외식군에서 높게 나타났으며, 비타민 C (p < 0.05)의 평균 섭취량은 외식 빈도가 낮은 주 1회 미만 외식군에서 높았다. 3) 탄수화물 에너지 비율은 주 1회 미만 외식군에서 높았고 (p < 0.001), 단백질 에너지 비율은 주 4회 이상 외식군에서 높았다 (p < 0.01). 4) 외식빈도에 따라 영양소의 평균필요량이나 충분섭취량 미만자의 분포에서 칼륨은 주 1회 미만 외식군에서 부족자의 비율이 높았고 (p < 0.05), 식이섬유소 (p < 0.05), 비타민 C (p < 0.05)는 주 4회 이상 외식군에서 부족자의 비율이 높았다. 5) 음료 차류 및 주류의 섭취량은 주 4회 이상 외식군에서 주 4회 미만 외식군들에 비해 높게 나타났으며 (p < 0.01), 감자 및 그 제품류는 주 2~3회 외식군에서 높게 나타났다 (p < 0.05). 또한 총동물성식품군, 기타식품군 중 음료 차류 주류의 섭취량은 주 4회 이상 외식군에서 다른 외식군보다 높았다 (p < 0.01). 비록 유의적인 차이는 나타나지 않았으나 채소류 및 과실류, 총식물성식품군의 섭취는 주 1회 미만 외식군에서 높은 경향을 보였고, 당류와 유지류의 섭취는 주 4회 이상 외식군에서 높은 경향을 보였으며, 육류, 어패류, 우유류는 주 2~3회 이상 외식군에서 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 위의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 외식횟수가 과다하면 총동물성 식품군과 음료 차류 주류 등의 기타식품군의 섭취를 증가시켜 총단백질, 총지방, 인의 과다 섭취를 초래하고, 비타민 C와 철분, 아연의 미량영양소의 섭취부족을 초래하는 것으로 나타나서 비타민 C가 많은 채소류 음식 등 식물성 식품의 식단을 보강시키도록 요식업체에 대한 계몽과 지도가 필요한 것으로 보여진다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2009

Effective parenting attitudes have been known to be associated with children's health practices including dietary intake and physical activity. The objective of this study is to compare children's body weights and eating habits by maternal parenting attitudes. Data were collected at school (N = 396; 4th and 5th grade students) using self-administered questionnaires on maternal parenting attitudes, eating habits and physical activity. Parenting attitudes were categorized as 1 of 4 parenting attitudes (overprotective, authoritarian, democratic, and neglectful) using affection and control median cut points. Children's body weights, frequency of breakfast, eating out and fastfood, and physical activity were compared by maternal parenting attitudes. Children's body weights were related with mother's employment status (p < 0.05) and parenting attitudes (p < 0.01). Children of unemployed mothers were more likely to be overweight. Children of neglectful mothers (p < 0.01) were more likely to be underweight, compared with children of mothers with other parenting attitudes. Since, unfortunately, the number of children of neglectful mothers was very limited in this study, we could hardly assess eating habits of children of neglectful mothers. Children of authoritarian mothers ate breakfast more regularly (p < 0.05), but ate snacks less regularly (p < 0.01). Children of democratic mothers ate fastfood less frequently (p < 0.01) and ate snacks more regularly (p < 0.01). Meanwhile, children of overprotective mothers ate breakfast less regularly (p < 0.05) and ate out less frequently (p < 0.01). However, maternal parenting attitudes were not related to children's physical activities. In conclusion, the maternal democratic parenting attitude was associated with healthy eating habits including regular snack time and less fastfood. On the other hand, the maternal neglectful parenting attitude was associated with high risk of children's underweight. Understanding the mechanism through which parenting attitude is related with underweight risk and healthy eating habits may lead to the development of better interventions.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.459-470
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• 2014

서울특별시 관악구에 위치하고 있는 인문계 고등학교 1학년~3학년에 재학 중인 남녀 고등학생 296명을 대상으로 스트레스 자각도, 스트레스 영역별 요인분석(가정생활, 학교생활, 친구 및 사회적 관계, 자기 자신), 스트레스 강도별 분류에 따른 식행동의 변화(식습관, 음식선호도, 간식섭취, 외식)를 분석한 후 요약하면 다음과 같다. 스트레스 자각여부는 여학생이 남학생보다 스트레스의 자각에 대한 인지도가 높은 결과를 보였고, 스트레스의 자각 정도는 남학생 및 여학생 대부분 보통 이상의 스트레스 강도로 자각하고 있는 결과를 보였다. 스트레스 강도에 따른 분류는 스트레스 평균점수 및 표준편차를 포함한 군을 중간군(1.78점~2.96점), 그 이하를 낮은군(1.78점 미만), 이상은 높은군(29.6점 이상)으로 분류하였다. 스트레스 영역별 평균점수는 스트레스 강도와 관계없이 남학생 및 여학생 모두 '자기 자신영역'과 '학교생활영역'에서 높은 평균점수를 보였으며 남학생은 여학생에 비해 '가정생활영역'에서 여학생은 '친구 및 사회적 관계영역'에서 상대적으로 높은 평균점수의 결과를 보였다. 스트레스 강도에 따른 식습관의 변화는 스트레스를 받은 후 남학생 및 여학생 모두 스트레스 강도가 높을수록 불규칙한 식사를 하는 비율이 증가하였고, 식사량은 스트레스를 받은 후 남학생은 감소한 반면 여학생은 증가하였다. 또한 스트레스를 받은 후 여학생의 높은군은 식사속도가 빨라지는 결과를 보였다. 스트레스를 받기 전 남학생 및 여학생은 스트레스 강도가 높을수록 아침결식이 많은 반면, 스트레스를 받은 후에는 스트레스 강도와 상관없이 저녁결식이 증가하였다. 음식선호도의 변화는 스트레스를 받기 전에는 스트레스 강도와 관계없이 '고기 생선 계란 콩류'의 선호도가 높았고, 스트레스를 받은 후에도 '고기 생선 계란 콩류'의 선호도가 가장 높았지만 '당류'의 선호도가 스트레스 받기 전보다 증가하였다. 선호하는 음식종류는 스트레스 강도와 관계없이 스트레스를 받은 후 '햄버거 피자'의 선호도가 증가하였다. 간식섭취의 변화는 스트레스를 받기 전 남학생 및 여학생 모두 스트레스 강도와 관계없이 '1회 섭취'가 대부분이었고 스트레스를 받은 후 남학생 및 여학생 모두 '2~3회 이상'을 섭취하는 비율이 증가하였다. 특히 여학생의 높은군은 '4~5회 및 6회 이상의 간식섭취' 비율 또한 증가하였다. 간식종류는 스트레스를 받기 전 남학생은 '빵류', '과자류'를 선호하였고 여학생은 '빵류', '과자류' 외에도 '과일 건강주스'의 선호도가 높았다. 스트레스를 받은 후에는 스트레스 강도와 관계없이 '분식류' 및 '피자 치킨 햄버거' 등 인스턴트식품의 선호도가 증가하였다. 외식의 변화는 스트레스를 받기 전 남학생 및 여학생 모두 스트레스 강도가 높을수록 '가족과 함께 외식'하는 비율이 감소하였고 스트레스를 받은 후 여학생이 스트레스 강도와 관계없이 '가족' 대신 '친구와 함께 외식'하는 비율이 증가하였다. 외식비용은 스트레스를 받은 후 스트레스 강도와 관계없이 전반적으로 증가하였고, 특히 여학생의 높은군이 가장 높은 상승률을 보였다. 스트레스 강도에 따른 음식섭취의 스트레스 해소정도는 남학생 및 여학생 모두 전반적으로 '음식섭취가 스트레스 해소에 도움이 된다'고 대답한 반면, 여학생의 높은군은 '음식섭취가 스트레스 해소에 전혀 도움이 안된다'고 답한 비율이 높았다. 결론적으로 스트레스 강도가 높을수록 불규칙한 식습관의 증가, 인스턴트식품의 섭취 증가, 간식섭취 빈도 증가, 외식 빈도 및 비용의 증가 등 부정적인 식행동으로의 변화를 유도하는 결과를 보였다. 따라서 청소년기의 스트레스를 해소시킬 수 있는 국가적 차원의 방안 및 프로그램 연구가 절실하게 필요하며 규칙적인 생활습관과 건전한 식행동을 유도할 수 있도록 지속적이고 올바른 영양교육이 요구된다.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.276-285
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• 2010

Purpose: This study is descriptive research that confirms breakfast eating habit of woman's college students and related factors. Methods: This investigation took place in August 2010 and was participated 142 students of one woman's college which located in a large city. The contents of the questionnaire consists of general trait, diet trait, life patterns and health states. Results: According to the results of uni-variate analysis, the significant variables of breakfast eating habit are: Recognition of importance of breakfast, spare time before attendance, her parents's breakfast eating habit, times of snack, times of eating out and index of food life style. But, according to the results of multi-variate analysis, the number of the significant variables became narrow and they were: Recognition of importance of breakfast, spare time before attendance and her father's breakfast eating habit. Conclusion: Finally, it can be said that the breakfast eating habit of woman's college student is related to recognition of importance of breakfast, spare time before attendance and her father's breakfast habit strongly. It is necessary to emphasis on the recognition of the importance of breakfast and concerns of parents for breakfast eating habit to improve the regularity of breakfast eating habit for woman's college students' health.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.85-94
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• 1995

To find out the difference of local characteristics, body and mental activity of Ramyon's habitual eater,THI guestion which is objects of students of high school in the city and country was carried. The results are as follows: 1.In comparison of eating and non-eating group of both male and female syudents, the mean value of eating group was high and showed the significance(P<0.001). 2. The eating group of city showed the higher mean value than country and it showed the significance(P<0.05). 3. In the eating group of city;the female had higher mean value than the male and showed no significance. In the eating group of city;the female had higher mean value than the male and showed significance(P<0.001). 4. In the eating group of male, the mean value of city was higher than country and showed significance(P<0.001). In the eating group of female, the mean value of city was igher than country, but showed no significance. As the results of the above,se know habitual eating of Ramyon give rise to spleen functional disouder and consepuently mental disorder resulting trom spirit-blood's original impediment and the variety of character, such varieties were different according to the characteristics of local and difference. Therefore, we'll study more detail aspents from now on.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.166-174
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to compare dietary self-efficacy for sodium intake reduction and dietary behaviors by eating areas. Subjects (797 males and 767 females) were classified according to perceived dietary habit levels related to sodium intake (lowest: ${\leq}10$ (n=434), low: $11{\sim}{\leq}13$ (n=471), high: $14{\sim}{\leq}15$ (n=360), highest: $16{\leq}$ (n=299)) using an online survey with a sample that was geographically representative of the population. The highest group was significantly younger and had a higher student proportion than the lowest group. Dining contexts regarding home led to a significantly higher sodium intake in the highest group, but it was eating out for the lowest group. The highest group had a significantly lower intention to reduce sodium intake compared to the lowest group. In the home cooked meals, the highest group displayed a significantly lower cooking frequency, less effort with respect to a low sodium diet and cooking habits related to sodium intake as compared to the lowest group. Also, regarding eating out and food service, the highest group exhibited significantly lower efforts and dietary behaviors to reduce sodium intake than the lowest group. The dietary score for sodium reduction behavior in the highest group was significantly lower compared to the lowest group, for home cooked meals, eating out, as well as food service. Thus, dietary guidelines and nutrition education for the reduction of sodium intake by eating areas need to be developed and provided.