• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.335-346
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was conducted to conduct dietary assessment of Korean adults according to intake of Korean soup and stew. Methods: To accomplish this study, 20,926 adults aged 19 yr or higher who participated in the dietary intake survey (24 h recall method) were analyzed from the data of the 2011~2014 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The items included in the soup and stew were guk, tang, jjigae, jijimi, and jeongol. Results: Intakes of soup and stew of subjects were divided into quartiles; intake range by quartile was Q1: < 22.96 g, Q2: 22.96~98.75 g, Q3: 98.75~212.23 g, and Q4: $${\geq_-}212.24g$$. In the case of the Q4 group, male, married, employed, higher educated, and high income subjects showed increased intakes of soup and stew. In addition, sodium intake among nutrient intakes increased from 3,849.04 mg in Q1 group to 5,363.57 mg in Q4 group. Intakes of cereals/grains, potatoes/starches, legumes, seeds/nuts, vegetables, mushrooms, fruits, meat, fishes/shell fishes, milks/dairy products, oils/fats, and seasonings among all foods significantly increased from Q1 group to Q4 group. Lastly, in the multivariable regression analysis, male, higher age, married, eating breakfast, consumption of snacks, prepared meals from home/institution, average eating-out frequency per week, energy consumption, and sodium intake related parameters increased intake of Korean soup and stew. Conclusion: Excessive intake of sodium was related to high blood pressure and metabolic syndrome. Thus, there are needs to improve dietary guidelines and nutrition education for balanced intake of soup and stew.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.256-267
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate nutritional knowledge related to breakfast and dietary behavior of elementary school students by gender and skipping breakfast. The subjects of this study were the 6th grade elementary school students (Total 237; 119 males and 118 females) in Daejeon. The group who ate breakfast six to seven times per week was 58.6%; The group who ate breakfast zero to five times per week was 41.4%. Most of subjects' families (84.4%) were 'nuclear family' and 63.8% of mothers held jobs. There was a significant difference between family income and skipping breakfast. As for the type of breakfast, 79.0% of the male students and 81.4% of female students answered 'cooked rice' and the reasons for skipping breakfast were 'no appetite' followed by 'not enough time', 'over sleeping'. In the eating breakfast group, frequency of having breakfast with family was higher compared to the skipping breakfast group. Total scores of nutritional knowledge related to breakfast in the female students were significantly higher than those of the male students. Also significant differences were found on such questions as 'the relation between eating breakfast and body weight control' and 'importance of breakfast' by skipping breakfast. The dietary behavior scores of the group who ate breakfast were higher than those of the group who skipped breakfast. Therefore, a need exists to develop and distribute a simple breakfast menu that contains Korean-style food and can be more appetizing and appealing to Korean elementary school students. Also it is necessary to develop a systemic awareness program that emphasize the importance of breakfast and the harmfulness of skipping breakfast.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.561-570
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• 2008

This study aimed to determine the effects of freeze-dried onion powder (OP) which contains rich in quercetin (22 mg/10 g) on hyperlipidemic participants. Fourteen participants (total cholesterol level in plasma $270.8{\pm}21.4mg/dL$) $40{\sim}59$ years of age who were diagnosed as hyperlipidemia by a physician at Fatima Hospital in Changwon took part in this study for 12 weeks. We investigated the anthropometric data and dietary habit by using questionnaires. Also, blood samples were collected from the patients in fasting before and after this 12 weeks intervention study. 78.6% of the patients showed interest in health diet management and weight control; however, they also showed some problems in their dietary habit (meal irregularity, food choice, calorie nutrient balance, high fat and cholesterol etc.) and life style (smoking, eating out, alcohol intake) that could have adverse effect on hyperlipidemic therapy. Most participants (85.7%) thought that OP was good for their health. The total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol significantly decreased with OP intake. The HDL-cholesterol increased and the Atherogenic index (AI) significantly decreased. Regarding the correlations of dietary habit and life style with anthropometric and biochemical factors, the alcohol intake level was significantly correlated with the frequency of eating out and body mass index (BMI). Exercise level showed positive correlation with HDL-cholesterol and negative correlation with atherogenic index (AI). These results suggest that the intake of polyphenol rich onion may decrease the risk of hyperlipidemia by reducing cholesterol level. We consider these hypolipidemic effects of OP as a possible functional food. However, further research such as a well designed longterm clinical study with experimental and placebo groups is needed.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.179-186
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• 2008

Purpose: Feeding problems are common for typically developing children and have negative effects on physical, behavioral, and cognitive development. The purpose of the current study was to examine factors related to childhood feeding problems for typically developing children via parental reports. Methods: The feeding questionnaire developed by the authors and the Childhood Eating Behavior Inventory (CEBI) were administered to 796 parents of children who recruited from 2 pediatric outpatient clinics (n=379) and community (n=417). Problem eaters (PE) were identified by parental report and frequency analysis was conducted for types of feeding problems and its severity, problem behaviors during mealtime, the feeding methods of the parents, and the need for treatment. Results: The CEBI scores were significantly different between the PE and non-problem eaters (NPE), which suggests that the parental reports were reliable. The younger children had more feeding problems than the older children. The most frequent and severe feeding problems were selective eating and longer mealtimes across all age groups. One-half of the children had more than one problem behaviors during mealtime. Most parents of PE used ineffective methods to deal with children's behaviors during meal time, such as cajoling, which was related to their increased level of stress. Many parents reported their children need professional help for the feeding problems. Conclusion: Feeding problems are prevalent among children, especially younger children. Children with feeding problems showed a number of problem behaviors during mealtime and parental coping methods appeared to be ineffective. The need for treatment was considerable, thus the characteristics of this population must be acknowledged for providing proper treatment and advice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.147-168
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• 2015

In this research, we have analyzed the impact factors on the bone mineral density thru the examination of bone density difference in the entire femur, femoral neck and lumbar of adult women before the menopause in accordance with the general features, lifestyle, eating habits, health and body composition. The survey was conducted among adult women before the menopause and older than 30 years based on the data of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey carried out in the 4th term (2008-2009) and 5th term (2010-2011) and we would like to provide the research results for the establishment of recommendations or guidelines for the treatment of adult women before the menopause with regard to the impact factors on the bone mineral density and for the development of health education materials for the accurate measurement of bone mineral density of young women in order to prevent the postmenopausal osteoporosis. With respect to the general features of adult women before the menopause, the bone mineral density was higher in the entire femur at age 40-44, femoral neck at 35-39, in high-school education level, in the earlier menarche group, without smoking experiences, with regular walking time and exercise frequency and with the habits of eating no hamburger or pizza. With regard to the body composition, the bone mineral density was higher in obesity and lower in underweight cases, higher among people with abdominal obesity and weight control experiences. In terms of total body fat ratio, total amount of fat and muscle, the bone mineral density got gradually increased from the 1st quarter (Q1) to the 4th quarter(Q4). The obesity, disease, total amount of fat and muscle were shown to be significantly related with the bone mineral density in this research and it is required for young women to keep the adequate weight and the normal BMI in order to increase the bone mineral density. For the prevention of osteoporosis, it is advised to keep the right habits including regular exercise and no smoking discipline from the growing period and achieve the maximum bone mass thru the control of proper weight from a young age.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.156-164
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors related to bone mineral contents (BMC) at os calcis of adolescents. The subjects were 604 students (327 boys and 277 girls) between 7th and 9th grade in Seoul, Korea. The mean age was 14.2 ${\pm}$ 0.9 years. General characteristics were collected by a questionnaire, bone mineral contents (BMC) were measured in os calcis by Duel Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (PIXI, General Electronics, USA) and height and weight were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis method (Inbody 4.0, Biospace Co. Ltd, Seoul, Korea). Mean BMC of os calsis were 2.241 g. Height (p <.0001), weight (p <.0001I), BMC (p <.0001I) ofboys were higher than those of girls. Percent body fat of girls, however, was higher than that of boys (p <.0001). Anthropometric measurement, pocket money, sibling, experience of fracture, pubertal stage, intake of supplements, physical or outdoors activity, and eating habit had significant influence on BMC of boys. Anthropometric measurement, physical or outdoors activity, and eating habit had significant influence on BMC of girls. Multivariate regression with adjustment for sex and age showed that BMC was associated positively with height, BMI, frequency of regular activity, and intake of spinach or radish leaves (all p <0.05), and negatively with percent body fat (p <.0000 and Korean traditional diet pattern (p = 0.01). On the basis of these results, it is recommended to develop nutrition education and physical activity program for adolescents to improve BMC and prevent osteoporosis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.7
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• pp.1122-1131
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate self-assessed preferences for saltiness as well as salt-related dietary behaviors of university students in Gyeongsangbuk-do. Data were collected from subjects, including 175 male and 225 female university students. This survey was conducted using self-boarding questionnaires. Exactly 29.5% of all students answered 'salty' for their self-assessed preference of saltiness, and 42.5% indicated 'salty' for their assessed saltiness of university foodservice operations. Salt-related dietary behavior scores were significantly different among monthly spending money (P<0.01), self-assessed preference of saltiness (P<0.001), frequency of using university foodservice operations (P<0.001), and assessed saltiness of university foodservice operations (P<0.001). Among the 15 items of salt-related dietary behaviors, 4 items scored over 3.00/5.00, including frequent eating-out or consumption of delivered foods, kimchi, soy paste soup or other broth soups, and ramyon (instant noodle). Males revealed higher preferences for ham or sausage (P<0.05), table salt (P<0.01), broths (P<0.01), and complete consumption of soups and stews (P<0.01), whereas females showed greater preferences for eating-out or delivered foods (P<0.01). Overweight students showed higher preferences for all broths and complete consumption of soups and stews (P<0.01).

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.179-192
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• 2019

This study was performed to analyze the contents of food intake in middle school Home Economics textbook and the trends of food intake of middle school students in Korea to figure out the education direction of food intake. The contents of food intake were analyzed in major three kinds of middle school Home Economics textbook according to 2015 curriculum and the trends of food and nutrient intake were analyzed in 2,543 subjects aged 13 to 15 years using 2007~2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination survey by logistic regression analysis or Pearson correlation coefficient. As a result, contents of food intake of textbook included food source of nutrient, food group name, necessity of eating diverse foods, recommended daily eating frequency of food group and menu planning according to meal composition guideline, however food intake trends were not included. Consumption of grains and grain products was increased until 2007 to 2010 year and was decreased after 2011 year(p=0.0012). Sugars and sweets, beverages and alcohols, and fish and shellfish consumption were increased during 2007~2015 year(p<0.0001). Carbohydrate, fat, vitamin A, thiamin and iron intakes were increased(p=0.0052), and energy ratio by carbohydrate was decreased(p=0.0009) and energy ratio by fat was increased(p<0.0001) during 2007~2015 year. Mean ratios of nutrient intake compared to the dietary reference intakes for Koreans were very low in dietary fiber(19-27%) and calcium(46-56%), but was higher in sodium(221-289%)(p<0.0001) regardless of year. There was a significant positive correlation between most food group intakes except sugars and sweets, bean and bean products, nuts and seeds, seaweeds, and beverages and alcohols and energy, protein, dietary fiber, vitamin A, riboflavin, calcium and iron intakes(p=0.0375). In the above, during the period from 2007 to 2015 year, intakes of sugars and sweets, beverages and alcohols, and fish and shellfish were increased, and intakes of dietary fiber and calcium were low and energy ratio by fat was increased, thus these trends are concerned to threaten nutritional balance and health of subjects. Therefore, Home Economics textbook of middle school needs to include food intake trends of adolescents with basic concepts to help them maintain balanced diet in the rapid change of food intake patterns for maintaining optimal nutrition and health.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.217-226
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• 2019

Purpose: This study examined the nutrient intake and dietary habits based on breakfast consumption in Korean adolescents. Methods: The data of the 2013 ~ 2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were used in this study. The analysis included 1,281 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years. The subjects were divided into two groups (EBF: eating breakfast, n = 911; SBF: skipping breakfast, n = 370). Results: The EBF group was significantly younger than the SBF group. In addition, the EBF group had a significantly lower frequency of skipping dinner than the SBF group. The EBF group consumed significantly higher levels of most nutrients except for vitamin A than the SBF group. The percent of nutrient intake under the EAR (estimated average requirements) in the EBF group were also significantly lower than that in the SBF group. Moreover, the NAR (nutrient adequacy ratio) and MAR (mean adequacy ratio) of the EBF group were significantly higher than those of the SBP group. The intake of cereal, sugars and sweeteners, vegetables, and eggs in the EBF group was significantly higher than that in the SBF group. Conclusion: The habit of skipping breakfast in adolescents leads to a decrease in the total nutrient intake and imbalanced dietary habits. Breakfast consumption in adolescence is very important. Therefore, more studies will be needed to develop nutrition education systematically in Korean adolescents.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.596-612
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• 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the dietary behaviors of preschool children using the nutrition quotient for preschoolers (NQ-P) and investigate factors that influence NQ-P in preschool children. Methods: Subjects were 214 parents with children aged 3-5 years residing in Busan and Gyeongnam, Korea. The survey was conducted from March to April, 2019 using a questionnaire that included demographic characteristics, the NQ-P questions, and health consciousness. All data was statistically analyzed by the SPSS program (Ver 25.0) and the statistical differences in variables were evaluated by the chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's multiple comparison test. Results: The mean score of NQ-P of the total subjects was 58.28, which was within the medium-low grade. The mean score of 'balance' was 60.08, 'moderation' was 47.64, and 'environment' was 67.83. The analysis of related-factors influencing NQ-P scores showed that there was a significant difference according to the frequency of dining out. The scores of the NQ-P (p < 0.05), moderation (p < 0.001), and environment (p < 0.05) were significantly higher in the 1-2 times per week group compare to 3-4 times and 5-6 times per week group. The scores of NQ-P (p < 0.01), environment (p < 0.01) were significantly higher in the high group of parents' health consciousness compared to the those with low health consciousness. Conclusion: According to the results of the evaluation by NQ-P, the dietary behaviors of preschool children residing in Busan and Gyeongnam need to be improved and monitored. For improving their eating behavior and nutritional health status, preschool children and their parents need proper nutrition education programs.