• Title/Summary/Keyword: East Sea coast

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Age and Growth of the Gomphina (Macridiscus) veneriformis (Lamarck, 1818) in the Wonsan coast of East Sea (동해 원산 연안 대복, Gomphina (Macridiscus) veneriformis (LAMARCK, 1818) 의 연령과 성장)

  • Kim, Chang Su;An, Jung-Eun;Choi, Jong-Duk;Ryu, Dong-Ki
    • The Korean Journal of Malacology
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    • v.30 no.1
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    • pp.33-40
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    • 2014
  • The age and growth of Gomphina (Macridiscus) veneriformis sampled from February 2006 to January 2007 on the Wonsan coast of East Sea were determined from 3,899 shell. Age of Gomphina (Macridiscus) veneriformis was estimated from the ring on the surface of shell. The relationship between shell length (SL) and shell height (SH) was expressed by the following equation : SH = 0.7405 SL + 0.2227 ($R^2$ = 0.9671), and shell length (SL) and shell width (SW) was highly correlated by the equation : SW = 0.3657 SL + 0.4253 ($R^2$ = 0.922). The relationship between shell length (SL) and total weight (TW) was also expressed by the following equation : $TW=0.4274{\times}10^{-3}{\times}SL^{2.7876}$ ($R^2$ = 0.9591). The main spawning periods was estimated August through fatness index analysis. Based on the monthly variations in the marginal index (MI) of the shell, it is assumed that the ring of this species was formed once a year during the period of July. Growth curves for shell length (SL) and total weight (TW) fitted to the von Bertalanffy's equation were expressed as follows : $$SL_t=70.80(1-e^{-0.217(t+0.367)})$$ $$TW_t=(1-e^{-0.217(t+0.367)})^{2.7876}$$

Hydrogeological Characterization of Groundwater and Surface Water Interactions in Fresh-Saline Water Mixed Zone of the East Coast Lagoon Area, Korea (동해안 석호 담염수 혼합대에서 지하수와 지표수 상호작용의 수리지질학적 특성 평가)

  • Jeon, Woo-Hyun;Kim, Dong-Hun;Lee, Soo-Hyoung;Hwang, Seho;Moon, Hee Sun;Kim, Yongcheol
    • Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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    • v.26 no.6
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    • pp.144-156
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    • 2021
  • This study examined hydrogeological characteristics of groundwater and surface water interaction in the fresh-saline water mixed zone of East Coast lagoon area, Korea, using several technical approaches including hydrological, lithological, and isotopic methods. In addition, the fresh-saline water interface was evaluated using vertical electrical conductivity (EC) data. For this purpose, three monitoring wells (SJ-P1, SJ-P2, and SJ-P3) were installed across the Songji lagoon at depths of 7.4 to 9.0 m, and water level, EC, and temperature at the wells and in the lagoon (SJ-L1) were monitored using automatic transducers from August 1 to October 21, 2021. Isotopic composition of the groundwater, lagoon water, and sea water were also monitored in the mid-September, 2013. The mixing ratios calculated from oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition decreased with increasing depth in the monitoring wells, indicating saline water intrusion. In the study area, the interaction of groundwater-surface water-sea water was evident, and residual salinity in the sedimentary layers created in the past marine environment showed disorderly characteristics. Moreover, the horizontal flow at the lagoon's edge was more dominant than the vertical flow.

A Study on the Outport for the conquest of Usanguk through the Location Analysis of Natural Environment in the Port of the East Coast (동해안 항포구의 자연환경 입지분석을 통한 우산국 정벌의 출항지 검토)

  • JANG, Dong-Ho;KIM, Jang-soo
    • Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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    • v.17 no.3
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    • pp.59-75
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    • 2010
  • In this study, location evaluation of the natural environment of ports in the Joseon Dynasty was carried out to investigate the outport of east coast for the conquest of Usanguk. As a result of study, there were 55 ports and naval stations in the Joseon Dynasty, including the Yeongokpo, Aninpo, Samcheokpo, Susanpo, and Wolsongpo. As a result of the restoration work in the sea level that was done in the sixth century, the sea level at that time was about 1m higher than that at present. In terms of the location type, three types were identified via natural-environment analysis. Location type I consists of a total of 21 ports suitable for defense due to the sand spit in all the sides and because it is located in the bay of small and medium rivers. Location type II is composed of 22 ports close to the open seas, and location type III consists of a total of 12 ports centering on the bay. A total of nine ports satisfied the location factor in the shortest distance analysis(targeting location type I), 15 ports in the slope analysis, 13 ports in the hinterland analysis, 13 ports in the visibility analysis, and 11 ports in the ocean current analysis. It was found in the final evaluation that the I level regions consist of two ports(Obunjin and Mangyangjin). Obunjin has a location characteristic that is advantageous for defense and that makes it suitable to serve as an anchorage harbor for a large-scale fleet as its water level is deep and as it has a wide embayment. In conclusion, Obunjin is considered the outport that has the highest possibility of serving as Isabu's departure port for the conquest of Usanguk.

Characteristics of Core Sedimentary Facies at the Ulleung Basin in the East Sea of Korea (한국 동해 울릉분지 코어 퇴적상 특성)

  • Lee, Byoung-Kwan;Lee, Su-Woong;Kim, Hong-Tae;Kim, Seok-Yun
    • Journal of Environmental Science International
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    • v.20 no.7
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    • pp.829-837
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    • 2011
  • A study on the grain size change, sedimentary facies and age indicator of volcanic tephra was analysis through four cores (P1 ~ P4) at the Ulleung Basin in the East Sea of Korea. The two cores (P1 and P2) were collected in the northeastern side of the Ulleung Basin (about 2,000 m in water depth), while the other two cores (P3 and P4) with the water depth of about 1,500 m and 1,700 m, respectively, were collected from the continental slope of the southwestern and western side of the Ulleung Basin. Four sedimentary facies and eight sedimentary subfacies were identified. The four facies were massive sand, bioturbated mud, homogeneous mud, and laminated mud. The eight subfacies were further divided as pumiceous ash massive sand, scorieaous massive sand, plain bioturbated mud, pyrite filamented bioturbated mud, distinctly laminated mud, indistinctly laminated mud, thinly laminated mud and homogeneous mud. The homogeneous mud was not found in the core of P3 which is located in the western side of Ulleung Basin (close to the Korean coast). In the case of laminated mud facies, the thinly laminated mud facies was dominated in the lower part of core sequences of the Ulleung Basin (P1 and P2), while the indistinctly laminated mud were overally distributed in the core sequences from the continental slope of Ulleung Basin. The Tephra layers from the core sequences of central Ulleung Basin were more dominated and distinctive than those from the core sequences of continental slope. This is related to the distance from the volcanic source and the amount of sediment supply. The core locations of Ulleung-Oki Tephra layers in the central Ulleung Basin were in the upper part of core sequences, while those in the continental slope were in the lower part of core sequences. This is indicated that the amounts of sediment supply in the continental slope after the Ulleung-Oki eruption were very high and different sedimentary environment between upper and lower of Tephra layer.

Spatial Distribution of Macrozoobenthic Organisms along the Korean Coasts in Summer Season (한국 연안의 하계 대형저서동물의 공간분포)

  • LEE, JUNG-HO;LIM, HYUN-SIG;SHIN, HYUN CHOOL;RYU, JONGSEONG
    • The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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    • v.27 no.2
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    • pp.87-102
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    • 2022
  • To clarify the spatial distribution pattern of macrozoobenthos in Korean coastal waters in the summer season and investigate the relationship between community structure and benthic environmental factors, field surveys on community structure and benthic environmental factors were conducted at 117 stations in August 2017. A total of 613 macrobenthic species were identified, with the mean density of 1,228 ind./m2 and the mean biomass (wet weight) of 110.9 g WW/m2. Rich biodiversity was found at stations near Wando and along the coast of the East Sea, and there is a trend that stations with greater biodiversity also showed higher mean density as well. The dominant species in all the coastal areas in Korea was Heteromastus filiformis, which were found at most of the stations during the survey. The relatively deep areas in the East Sea were dominated by Magelona johnsoni and Maldane cristata, which were the third and ninth dominant species in the study areas, respectively. Pseudopolydora kempi and Rhynchospio sp. were observed only at the station located in the Nakdong River estuary. From the cluster analysis the stations could be clustered into three station groups with more similar faunal composition. Group A was located in the eastern coast, characterized with deep water depth and low levels of sand contents, while Group B was located in the southern coast, characterized by shallow depth of water and high content of mud and organic matter. Lastly, Group C was in the western coast, demonstrating low levels of mud content and organic matters. The biodiversity of macrobenthic species in the study area showed high positive correlation coefficients with benthic environmental factors such as sorting, clay, silt, and contents of organic matter in sediments, but negatively correlated with the sand contents. Major dominant species, Theora lata and Eriopisella sechellensis, both showed negative correlation coefficients with the sand contents, but a relatively high positive correlation with the levels of organic contents.It can be concluded that the spatial distribution patterns of macrobenthic organisms in Korean coastal waters are affected by depth, sediment type, and contents of organic matters.

Variability of Sea Levels at Mukho and Ullungdo off the East Coast of Korea (한국 동해 묵호와 울릉도의 해수면의 변화)

  • LEE Jae-Chul;KIM Soon-Young
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.24 no.6
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    • pp.413-427
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    • 1991
  • Variability of sea levels at Mukho and Ullungdo and sea level difference(SLD) associated with current is investigated. Time series of adjusted sea levels at both places have very similar pattern of change. Two components appear to contribute to the correlation between sea level and SLD. Low frequency thermosteric effect causes the sea level to rise and fall at the same time. Geostrophic effect of major currents is responsible for the sea level change in opposite ways at both sides. Two contributions have a cancelling effect for sea level change at Mukho while they are additive at Ullungdo. Characteristics of time series in frequency domain are divided into two parts with respect to 0.01 cycles per day(cpd). At Mukho, the cancelling effect yields small values of coherence for low-frequency bands whereas the dominant geostrophic influence may be responsible for the phase relations of about $\pm 180^{\circ}$ between sea level and SLD at higher frequency. Bimonthly dynamic height difference(DHD) between Mukho and Ullungdo is very significantly correlated with SLD. This result suggests that DHD thus the average velocity of current through the Mukho-Ullungdo section can successfully be diagnosed by the sea level records at both locations. For the annual variations, maximum SLD occurs at Mukho-Ullungdo section about 40 days later than the Korea Strait.

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Code for Unplanned Encounters at Sea(CUES): Its Limitation and Recommendations for Improvement (해상에서의 우발적 조우 시 신호 규칙(CUES)의 제한점과 개선을 위한 제언)

  • Oh, Dongkeon
    • Strategy21
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    • s.44
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    • pp.323-351
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    • 2018
  • Adopted in Western Pacific Naval Symposium(WPNS) 2014, Code for Unplanned Encounters at Sea(CUES) has been the most valuable output of WPNS history. Written and suggested by Australian Navy in 1999, the goal of CUES is to decrease the possibility of the naval conflict by establishing the code among international navies in the Western Pacific region. Facing many oppositions and requirement of People's Liberation Army Navy(PLAN) in WPNS 2012 and 2013, but it finally adopted in WPNS 2014, with many changes in detailed provisions. From then, navies in the Western Pacific region have followed CUES to prevent maritime conflicts in the region, CUES, however, sometimes does not work correctly. Contents of CUES is the mixture of the parts of Multinational Maritime Tactical Signal and Maneuvering Book(MTP) and International Regulations for Preventing Collision at Sea 1972(CORLEGs). There are means of radio communications such as frequency and signals, instructions for maneuvering and so on. Thus, it is not a new document for the U.S. Navy and its allies, but it requires training to implicate at sea for navies other than U.S. allies, like PLAN. Lots of provisions in CUES were changed because of the opposition of PLAN, and CUES has many shortcomings and practical limitations. First, since CUES is non-legally binding, and there are no methods to force the naval assets on the sea to follow. Second, CUES is only applied to naval assets; naval ships - warships, naval auxiliaries, and submarines - and naval aircraft. Third, the geographical scope in CUES is not clear. Fourth, there is no provision for submerged submarines. Finally, CUES has no time-based framework or roadmap for training. In this regard, there would be six recommendations for improvement. First, CUES should be reviewed by WPNS or other international institutions, while keeping non-binding status so that WPNS could send signals to the navies which do not answer CUES on the sea. Second, the participation of Maritime Law Enforcements(MLEs) such as coast guard is inevitable. Third, navies would use full text of MTP rather than current CUES, which extracts some parts of MTP. Fourth, CUES needs provisions with respect to submerged submarines, which recognizes as offensive weapons themselves. Fifth, the geographic scope of CUES should be clear. Since there are some countries in which claim that a rock with a concrete structure is their territory, CUES should be applied on every sea including EEZ and territorial seas. Finally, the detailed training plan is required to implicate CUES at sea. Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) is a good exercise to train CUES, because almost all WPNS member countries except six countries are participating in RIMPAC. CUES is a meaningful document not only for navies but also for nation-states in the region. To prevent escalation of conflict in the region, potentially caused by an unplanned collision at sea, CUES should be applied more strictly. CUES will continue to be in subsequent WPNS and therefore continue to improve in the effectiveness as both an operational and diplomatic agreement.

Tafoni Geomorphic Development in the Western Coast of Dongdo of Dokdo, Korea (독도 동도 서쪽 해안의 타포니 지형 발달)

  • Hwang, Sang-Ill;Park, Kyung-Geun
    • Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.422-437
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    • 2007
  • Dokdo has historical and political meaning in relation to the territorial problems with Japan. The area can be the main factor to explain the formation and development process of East-Sea as exposure volcanic island at East-Sea with Ulreong-island. Accordingly, it also has an important meaning of physical geography aspects In this research, it is perceived the geomorphological development process of slope due to the salt weathering which is considered as the most important factor to understand whole geomorphology of Dokdo. And researched how a geomorphology of this sort affects to animal and plants. The peculiar geomorphology is tafoni which is a weathering geomorphology and one of the remarkable geomorphology in preservation of Dokdo. Tafoni at west part of Dongdo is distributed intensively near shoreline which is composed tuff. The shape of tafoni is mainly massive, circle and oval in Massive tuff breccia layer also is formed toward horizontality bedding direction in Bedded lapilli tuff. Tafoni in Dokdo is constituted after middle of Holocene. This fact can be proved by ranging at surface of sea-cliff which is formed wave erosion after middle of Holocene sea-level reaching to present level. Tafoni is also the most contribute factor of geomorphology dissection of Dokdo as it is eroded the bed rock with salt weathering. In bottom part of tafoni it has an important function for habitat of birds. Herbaceous plants are on it. To procrastinate of bed rock dissection by growth of Tafoni, conservation of vegetation and soil are most important factor.

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Reproduction of Ocean Circulation around Korean Peninsula by using a Mesoscale Ocean Circulation Model (중규모 해양모형을 이용한 한반도 주변 해역 해양순환 재현)

  • Lee, Hae-Jin;Ahn, Joong-Bae
    • The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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    • v.5 no.3
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    • pp.186-194
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    • 2000
  • In this study, the oceanic responses to given atmospheric boundary conditions are investigated using a mesoscale ocean circulation model. The numerical experiments are divided into two parts: One is, so called, spin-up experiment and the other is reproduction experiment. The spin-up experiment simulates climatic state of ocean by integrating the ocean model with upper boundary conditions of the monthly mean atmospheric climate data. In the reproduction experiment, for the reproduction of major oceanic changes around Korean Peninsula during the period of 1980-1998 (19 years), the model has been integrated under the boundary condition of the 19year monthly mean atmosphere data. The spined-up state of ocean generated from the spin-up experiment is assigned to the initial boundary condition of the reproduction experiment. In the spin-up experiment, the model properly simulates the major features of circulation structure around Korean Peninsula; such as separation of East Korean Warm Current (EKWC), formation of the polar front, cold water band associated with the small scale eddies in the East Sea, the formation of front along west coast, and the seasonal variation of circulation pattern caused by changing upwind current in the West Sea. In the reproduction experiment, the model has shown the interannual sea surface temperature variations and a warming trend of about 0.5$^{\circ}$C during the period around Korean Peninsula, as in the case of the observation. Therefore, it is concluded that the model is capable of simulating not only the mean states but also the variabilities of ocean under the given atmosphere boundary conditions.

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Time-dependent Performance-based Design of Caisson Breakwater Considering Climate Change Impacts (기후변화 효과를 고려한 케이슨 방파제의 시간 의존 성능설계)

  • Suh, Kyung-Duck;Kim, Seung-Woo;Mori, Nobuhito;Mase, Hajime
    • Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.215-225
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    • 2011
  • During the past decade, the performance-based design method of caisson breakwaters has been developed, which allows a certain damage while maintaining the function of the structure. However, the existing method does not consider the changing coastal environment due to climate change impacts so that the stability of the structure is not guaranteed over the lifetime of the structure. In this paper, a time-dependent performance-based design method is developed, which is able to estimate the expected sliding distance and the probability of failure of a caisson breakwater considering the influence of sea level rise and wave height increase due to climate change. Especially, time-dependent probability of failure is calculated by considering the sea level rise and wave height increase as a function of time. The developed method was applied to the East Breakwater of the Hitachinaka Port which is located on the east coast of Japan. It was shown that the influence of wave height increase is much greater than that of sea level rise, because the magnitude of sea level rise is negligibly small compared with the water depth at the breakwater site. Moreover, investigation was made for the change of caisson width due to climate change impacts, which is the main concern of harbor engineers. The longer the structure lifetime, the greater was the increase of caisson width. The required increase of caisson width of the Hitachinaka breakwater whose width is 22 m at present was about 0.5 m and 1.5 m respectively for parabolic and linear wave height increase due to climate change.