• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제16권3호
• /
• pp.329-348
• /
• 2019

The main objective of this experimental research was to investigate the Seismic performance of reinforced concrete frames infilled with perforated clay brick masonry wall of a type commonly used in Algeria. Four one story-one bay reinforced concrete infilled frames of half scale of an existing building were tested at the National Earthquake Engineering Research Center Laboratory, CGS, Algeria. The experiments were carried out under a combined constant vertical and reversed cyclic lateral loading simulating seismic action. This experimental program was performed in order to evaluate the effect and the contribution of the infill masonry wall on the lateral stiffness, strength, ductility and failure mode of the reinforced concrete frames. Numerical models were developed and calibrated using the experimental results to match the load-drift envelope curve of the considered specimens. These models were used as a bench mark to assess the effect of normalized axial load on the seismic performance of the RC frames with and without masonry panels. The main experimental and analytical results are presented in this paper.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
• /
• 제29권4호
• /
• pp.32-43
• /
• 2024

Recently, numerous earthquakes have caused significant casualties and property damage worldwide, including major events in 2023 (Türkiye, M7.8; Morocco, M6.8) and 2024 (Noto Peninsula, Japan, M7.6; Taiwan, M7.4). In South Korea, the frequency of detectable and noticeable earthquakes has been gradually increasing since the M5.8 Gyeongju Earthquake. Notable recent events include those in Jeju (M4.9), Goesan (M4.1), the East Sea (M4.5), and Gyeongju (M4.0) since 2020. This study, for the first time in South Korea, monitored groundwater levels and temperatures at a 1Hz frequency to observe the responses in groundwater to moderate and small earthquakes primarily occurring within the country. Between April 23, 2023, and May 22, 2023, 17 earthquakes were reported in the East Sea region with magnitudes ranging from M2.0 to M4.5. Analysis of groundwater level responses at the Gangneung observation station revealed fluctuations associated with five of these events. The 1Hz observation data clearly showed groundwater level changes even for small earthquakes, indicating that groundwater is highly sensitive to the frequent small earthquakes recently occurring in South Korea. The analysis confirmed that the maximum amplitude of groundwater level changes due to earthquakes is proportional to the earthquake's magnitude and the distance from the epicenter. These findings highlight the importance of precise 1Hz-level observations in earthquake-groundwater research. This study provides foundational data for earthquake monitoring and prediction and emphasizes the need for ongoing research into monitoring the changes in groundwater parameters (such as aquifer characteristics, quantity/quality, and contaminant migration) induced by various magnitudes of earthquakes that may occur within the country in the future.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.801-812
• /
• 2016

In an actual design, none of the structures with shear behaviors will be designed for torsional moments. Any failure or damages to roofs, infills, shear walls, and braces caused by an earthquake, will inevitably result in relocation of center of mass and rigidity of the structure. With these changes, the dynamic characteristics of structure could be changed during an earthquake at any moment. The main objective of this paper is to obtain the relationship between time-varying eccentricity of load and corner lateral displacement. In this study, various methods have been used to determine the structural response for time-varying lateral corner displacement. As will be seen below, some of the structural calculation methods result in a significant deviation from the actual results, although these methods include the interaction effects of modes. Controlling the lateral displacement of structure can be performed in different ways such as, passive dampers, friction dampers, semi-active systems including the MR damper and active Systems. Selecting and locating these control systems is very important to bring the maximum safety with minimum cost into the structure. According to this study will be show the relation between the corner lateral displacements of structure and time-varying eccentricity by different kind of methods during an earthquake. This study will show that the response of the structure at the corners due to an earthquake can be very destructive and because of changing the eccentricity of load, calculating the maximum possible response of system can be carried out by this method. Finally, some kind of systems must be used for controlling these displacements. The results shows that, the CQC, DSC and exact methods is comply each other but the results of Vanmark method is not comfortable for these kind of buildings.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지구물리탐사학회 2009년도 학술대회 초록집
• /
• pp.54-59
• /
• 2009

지진 관측소의 지진 관측 능력은 관측소의 잡음 수준에 좌우되어 잡음 수준이 높은 관측소는 작은 규모의 지진 또는 원거리의 지진에 의한 약한 지반 진동을 감지하기 어렵다. 그러므로 지진관측망의 지진 관측 능력을 고려하기 위해서는 지진관측소의 분포뿐만 아니라 각 관측소의 잡음 수준을 고려해야 한다. 대부분의 국내 지진관측소는 1 Hz 이상의 주파수 대역에서 인간의 활동에 의한 영향을 받고 있으며, 이로 인해 주간과 야간의 잡음 수준 차이가 나타난다. 이러한 잡음 변화에 따른 지진 관측 능력의 차이와 분포를 살펴보기 위해 2005년부터 2007년까지 한국지질자원연구원과 기상청에서 운영하는 광대역 관측소 30개소의 잡음 분석 결과를 이용하였다. 각 관측소의 잡음 수준을 고려하였을 때 야간에는 규모 2.4 정도 이상의 지진이 내륙에서 발생한 것을 관측할 수 있는 반면, 주간에는 규모 2.6 정도의 지진 관측 능력을 보였다.

• 대기
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.197-206
• /
• 2014

The effects of different averaging operators and atmospheric stability on the turbulent fluxes are investigated using the vertical velocity, air temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, and absolute humidity data measured at 10 Hz by a 3-dimensional sonic anemometer and an open-path $CO_2/H_2O$ infrared gas analyzer installed at a height of 18.5 m on the rooftop of the Jungnang KT building located at a typical residential area in Seoul, Korea. For this purpose, 7 different averaging operators including block average, linear regression, and moving averages during 100 s, 300 s, 600 s, 900 s, and 1800 s are considered and the data quality control procedure such as physical limit check and spike removal is also applied. It is found that as the averaging interval becomes shorter, turbulent fluxes computed by the moving average become smaller and the ratios of turbulent fluxes computed by the 100 s moving average to the fluxes by the 1800 s moving average under unstable stability are smaller than those under neutral stability. The turbulent fluxes computed by the linear regression are 85~92% of those computed by the 1800 s moving average and nearly the same as those computed by 900 s moving average, implying that the adequate selection of an averaging operator and its interval will be very important to estimate more accurate turbulent fluxes at urban area.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
• /
• 제23권6호
• /
• pp.321-327
• /
• 2019

We performed seismic noise level analysis to access the proper functioning of 11 newly established seismic stations in the southeastern region of Korea. One-hour long segments of seismograms were selected from the continuous data of the 3 elements for 61 days from March 1, 2019. For each segment of data, the power spectral density (PSD) was estimated from the continuous back ground noise data of the 3 elements for periods ranging from 0.02~100 s. The median noise levels (NLs) of the stations were compared with the new noise model (NNM) of USGS and NLs of station TJN installed in a tunnel on a granite basement. We observed that the NLs of the newly installed seismometers were between the upper and lower limit of the NNM. In a comparison with the noise level of station TJN, the new seismometers had their own noteworthy features. The NLs from accelerometers (Epi-sensors) were ~ 40 dB higher than the NLs from velocimeters (STS-sensors) for periods > 10 s, which is because the small and light Epi-sensors are sensitive to environmental changes. Daily and weekly variations in spectral noise level were observed clearly in short periods < 1 s, and these are considered to be related to human activities. The seismometers in boreholes showed ~20 dB weaker NLs in the cultural noise band. The NLs of accelerometers at a depth of 30 m were also much lower by 30 dB for long periods > 10 sec. Overall the functioning of the new velocimeter and accelerometer stations was reliable for periods ranging from 0.02~100 s and 0.02~10 s, respectively.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
• /
• 제33권5_1호
• /
• pp.587-598
• /
• 2017

화산재는 화산쇄설물 중 2 mm 이하의 크기를 가지는 작은 미세 암편으로 화산 분화 이후 낙하에 의해 여러 가지 피해를 가져온다. 화산재 피해는 운송업과 생산업 그리고 동 식물 및 인간의 호흡기 활동에 영향을 줄 수 있다. 따라서 이러한 화산재의 피해를 예방하기 위해서는 화산재 확산 정보가 중요하며 광범위하게 확산되는 화산재 관측은 위성을 활용하는 것이 효과적이다. 본 연구에서는 일본 사쿠라지마 화산의 두 번의 분화 사례를 연구하였으며 정지궤도 위성인 천리안 위성(Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite: COMS)의 기상 탑재체(Meteorological Imager: MI) 영상과 극궤도 위성인 Landsat-8의 Operational Land Imager (OLI), Thermal InfraRed Sensor (TIRS) 영상을 활용하여 화산재 확산 정보를 산출하였다. COMSMI 영상으로부터 화산재 화소를 추출하여 화산재의 확산 방향과 속도를 분석하였으며, Landsat-8 영상에 대하여 그림자 측정법을 적용하여 화산재 높이를 산출하였다. 또한 본 연구에서 산출된 결과를 도쿄 화산재 주의보센터(Volcanic Ash Advisories center: VAAC)와 비교하였다. 비교 결과, 화산재 확산의 방향은 두 연구에서 모두 유사한 방향으로 산출되었으나 화산재 속도는 화산재주의보센터에서 제공되는 속도에 비해 약 4배 느리게 산출되었다. 또한, 화산재 높이는 화산재 주의보센터 정보에서는 단일 값으로 제공되지만 본 연구에서는 화산재 확산위치에 따라 다르게 관측됨을 확인하였다. VAAC의 경우 화산 분화의 빠른 대응을 위해 분화구 주변 지역에 대해 대략적 값을 산정하지만 본 연구에서는 화산재 확산이 중요하기 때문에 실제 화산재 확산이 관측된 다양한 영상으로부터 화산재가 확산된 전체 지역에 대한 정보를 산출하였기 때문에 차이가 발생하였을 것으로 판단된다. 대규모 분화가 발생할 경우 한반도에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위해서는 화산재 확산 관측이 중요하다. 본 연구를 통해 서로 다른 특성을 지니는 위성영상을 활용하여 화산재가 확산된 전체 영역에 대해 다양한 정보를 산출하는데 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
• /
• 제25권3호
• /
• pp.177-186
• /
• 2023

Reinforced concrete frames with a masonry infill panel is a structural typology frequently used worldwide. In seismic cases, the interaction between the masonry infill and the RC frames constitutes one of the most complex subjects in earthquake engineering. In this work, an enhancement of an existing numerical model is proposed to improve the estimation of lateral strength and stiffness of masonry-infilled frame structures and predict their probable failure modes. The proposed improvement is based on attributing corrective coefficients to the shear strength of each diagonal shear spring of the macro element, which simulates the masonry infill. The improved numerical model is validated by comparing the results with those of the original numerical model and with experimental results available in the literature. The enhanced macro element model can be used as a powerful, accessible tool for assessing the capacity and stiffness of masonry-infilled frame structures and predicting their probable failure modes.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제67권3호
• /
• pp.255-265
• /
• 2018

The prestress force effect on the fundamental frequency and deflection shape of Prestressed Concrete I (PCI) beams was studied in this paper. Currently, due to the conflicts among existing theories, the analytical solution for properly considering the structural behavior of these prestressed members is not clear. A series of experiments were conducted on a large-scale PCI beam of high strength concrete with an eccentric straight unbonded tendon. Specifically, the simply supported PCI beam was subjected to free vibration and three-point bending tests with different prestress forces. Subsequently, the experimental data were compared with analytical results based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. It was proved that the fundamental frequency of PCI beams is unaffected by the increasing applied prestress force, if the variation of the initial elastic modulus of concrete with time is considered. Vice versa, the relationship between the deflection shape and prestress force is well described by the magnification factor formula of the compression-softening theory assuming the secant elastic modulus.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
• /
• 제20권5호
• /
• pp.371-384
• /
• 2020

A settlement prediction method based on shear wave velocity measurements and soil nonlinearity was recently developed and verified by means of centrifuge tests. However, the method was only applicable to heavily overconsolidated soil deposits under enlarged yield surfaces. In this study, the settlement evaluation method was refined to consider the stress history of the sublayer, based on an overconsolidation ratio evaluation technique, and thereby incorporate irrecoverable plastic deformation in the settlement calculation. A relationship between the small-strain shear modulus and overconsolidation ratio, which can be determined from laboratory tests, was adopted to describe the stress history of the subsurface. Based on the overconsolidation ratio determined, the value of an empirical coefficient that reflects the effect of plastic deformation over the elastic region is determined by comparing the overconsolidation ratio with the stress increment transmitted by the surface design load. The refined method that incorporate this empirical coefficient was successfully validated by means of centrifuge tests, even under normally consolidated loading conditions.