• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제64권5호
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• pp.791-798
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• 2021

Objective : The period of mechanical ventilator (MV)-dependent respiratory failure after cervical spinal cord injury (CSCI) varies from patient to patient. This study aimed to identify predictors of MV at hospital discharge (MVDC) due to prolonged respiratory failure among patients with MV after CSCI. Methods : Two hundred forty-three patients with CSCI were admitted to our institution between May 2006 and April 2018. Their medical records and radiographic data were retrospectively reviewed. Level and completeness of injury were defined according to the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) standards. Respiratory failure was defined as the requirement for definitive airway and assistance of MV. We also evaluated magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of the cervical spine. These characteristics included : maximum canal compromise (MCC); intramedullary hematoma or cord transection; and integrity of the disco-ligamentous complex for assessment of the Subaxial Cervical Spine Injury Classification (SLIC) scoring. The inclusion criteria were patients with CSCI who underwent decompression surgery within 48 hours after trauma with respiratory failure during hospital stay. Patients with Glasgow coma scale 12 or lower, major fatal trauma of vital organs, or stroke caused by vertebral artery injury were excluded from the study. Results : Out of 243 patients with CSCI, 30 required MV during their hospital stay, and 27 met the inclusion criteria. Among them, 48.1% (13/27) of patients had MVDC with greater than 30 days MV or death caused by aspiration pneumonia. In total, 51.9% (14/27) of patients could be weaned from MV during 30 days or less of hospital stay (MV days : MVDC 38.23±20.79 vs. MV weaning, 13.57±8.40; p<0.001). Vital signs at hospital arrival, smoking, the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, Associated injury with Injury Severity Score, SLIC score, and length of cord edema did not differ between the MVDC and MV weaning groups. The ASIA impairment scale, level of injury within C3 to C6, and MCC significantly affected MVDC. The MCC significantly correlated with MVDC, and the optimal cutoff value was 51.40%, with 76.9% sensitivity and 78.6% specificity. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, MCC >51.4% was a significant risk factor for MVDC (odds ratio, 7.574; p=0.039). Conclusion : As a method of predicting which patients would be able to undergo weaning from MV early, the MCC is a valid factor. If the MCC exceeds 51.4%, prognosis of respiratory function becomes poor and the probability of MVDC is increased.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.333-339
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• 2011

본 연구는 이유 전과 후 돼지 사양프로그램이 성장에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 다산차(Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace) 모돈과 Duroc 웅돈 사이에서 태어난 총 24복(평균 10.6자돈/복)의 돼지를 3구로 나누어 포유기간 중에 "대조구"는 21일령 이유시까지 대용유와 입붙이 사료를 급여하지 않았고, "최소구"는 포유기 15일째부터 입붙이 사료를 200 gm/복/일 급여했으며, "최대구"는 7일째부터 주간에 7시간 동안 대용유와 입붙이 사료를 무제한으로 급여하였다. 대조구와 최소구로부터 이유된 돼지 중에서 실험구당 68두씩 임의로 선발된 돼지는 각각 2돈방에 수용하고 이유자돈 1, 2 및 3호 사료를 각각 7, 14 및 13일간 급여하였고, 최대구로부터 이유된 같은 수의 자돈에게는 1, 2 및 3단계 사료를 6, 10 및 18일간 급여하였다. 이후에는 모든 실험구에 육성돈 전 후기 사료를 차례로 95 및 135일령까지 급여하였다. 이상의 이유 전과 이유 후전 과정 사양시험은 분할법(split plot) 실험설계 하에 3차례 반복되었다. 포유자돈의 개시체중, 종료체중 및 일당증체량은 최대구와 최소구 대비 대조구 간에 차이가 없었다. 그러나 개시체중은 대조구에 비해 최대구가 0.17 kg 작았지만 개시체중에 보정된 최대구의 종료체중은 대조구에 비해 0.31 kg 컸던 반면 최소구와 대조구 간의 차이는 보정 후에도 거의 변하지 않았다. 자돈기 및 육성기 돼지 성장은 사양프로그램의 영향을 받지 않은 반면 55일령과 135일령 및 6일령 체중은 이유체중과 높은 상관관계가 있었다(각각 r=0.81, 0.57 및 0.76; P<0.001, 0.05 및 0.001). 결론적으로 본 결과는 포유기 초기부터 대용유와 입붙이 사료를 급여하면 체중이 낮은 자돈에 증체 효과가 있을 것이나 포유기 후기에 입붙이 사료를 제한적으로 급여하거나 1, 2단계 자돈사료 급여기간을 수일 연장해서는 자돈기 및 그 이후의 돼지 성장에 영향을 미치지 않을 것임을 시사한다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.72-79
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• 2016

It has long been known that nutritional and environmental influences during the early developmental period affect the biological mechanisms which determine animal metabolism. This phenomenon, termed 'metabolic imprinting', can cause subtle but long-lasting responses to prenatal and postnatal nutrition and even be passed onto the next generation. A large amount of research data shows that nutrient availability, in terms of quantity as well as quality, during the early developing stages can decrease the number of newborn piglets and their body weight and increase their susceptibility to death before weaning. However, investigation of potential mechanisms of 'the metabolic imprinting' effect have been scant. Therefore, it remains unknown which factors are responsible for embryonic and early postnatal nutrition and which factors are major determinants of body weight and number of new born piglets. Intrauterine undernutrition, for example, was studied using a rat model providing dams 50% restricted nutrients during pregnancy and the results showed significant decreases in birth weight of newborns. This response may be a characteristic of a subset of modulations in embryonic development which is caused by the metabolic imprinting. Underlying mechanisms of intrauterine undernutrition and growth retardation can be explained in part by epigenetics. Epigenetics modulate animal phenotypes without changes in DNA sequences. Epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation, chromatin modification and small non-coding RNA-associated gene silencing. Precise mechanisms must be identified at the morphologic, cellular, and molecular levels by using interdisciplinary nutrigenomics approaches to increase pig production. Experimental approaches for explaining these potential mechanisms will be discussed in this review.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.3-11
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of protein levels and casein/whey ratios on organ growth and protein metabolism in early weaned rats. Premature rats weaned by the 17th day were fed six semipurified synthetic, isocaloric and gel diets that contained three levels (low, medium and high) and two different combinations(casein/whey ; 80 : 20 or 20 : 80) of milk protein for 8 days. On the 25th day postpartum, frest weigth and DNA, RNA and milk protein contents in brain, liver, kidney and muscle were determined to ascertain organ and cellular growth. Futher, with a view to ascertain protein metabolism and renal functions, serum total protein, $\alpha$-amino N, urea N, and creatinine and creatinine and urinary urea N, creatinine and hydroxproline were determined. Total DNA contents of brain, liver and kidney, which may represent as an index of cell numbers in those organs were significantly decreased in the rats fed diets containing low level protein regardless of casein/whey ratio. However, as fat as the rats fed high protein diets were concerned, their fresh weight, protein contents and GFR of kidney were significantly increased. Furthermore, nitrogen components, $\alpha$-amino N, urea N and creatinie in serum and urine were also increassed. Another observation was that high casein/whey ratio significantly facilitated accumulation of porteins in muscle and kidney and urinary hydorxyproline excretion, not affecting the DNA content of those organs. This study showed that low(8%) or high(32%) contents of protein had less desirable effects either on protein metabolism or on organ cellular growth in prematurely weaned rats, whereas there were no effects on general growth and bone strength.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.777-785
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• 2010

The effect of two doses of different sources of zinc, inorganic (zinc oxide) or chelated (zinc glutamate chelate), on morphology and turn-over of the small intestine was assessed in early-weaned pigs orally challenged with enterotoxigenic E. coli K88 (ETEC). Sixty pigs weaned at 21 days were assigned to one of the following 5 diets: control (C); C+Zinc oxide (ZnO), either a 200 or a 2,500 mg Zn/kg dose; or C+zinc chelate with glutamic acid (Glu-Zn), either a 200 or a 2,500 mg Zn/kg dose. On d 2, the pigs were orally inoculated with 1.5 ml of a $10^{10}$ CFU/ml E. coli K88ac O148 suspension. Zinc supplements did not improve the performance of the pigs, but on d 5 faecal excretion of ETEC was reduced, and this was mainly due to high zinc doses (p<0.05). The villous height in the duodenum was improved by the zinc supplements (p<0.01) whatever the source and the level, whereas no effect was seen in the other two tracts of small intestine. The diet did not affect apoptosis and mitosis counts, while ETEC-susceptible pigs had more mitotic cells in the villi than non-susceptible pigs, particularly in the jejunum (p<0.01). The duodenum had fewer mitotic cells in the villi (p<0.05) and in the crypts (p<0.01) and more apoptotic cells in the villi. High dietary doses of ZnO or Zn-Glutamate improve villous height of the duodenum, but not of the jejunum and the ileum, and do not affect the epithelial proliferative activity and apoptotic index of intestinal mucosa of early-weaned pigs orally challenged with ETEC.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.218-224
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• 2018

Objective: This study evaluated the effects of different levels of protein concentrate supplementation on the growth performance of yak calves, and correlated the growth rate to changes occurring in the plasma- amino acids, -insulin profile, and signaling activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) cascade to characterize the mechanism through which the protein synthesis can be improved in early weaned yaks. Methods: For this study, 48 early (3 months old) weaned yak calves were selected, and assigned into four dietary treatments according to randomized complete block design. The four blocks were balanced for body weight and sex. The yaks were either grazed on natural pasture (control diet) in a single herd or the grazing yaks was supplemented with one of the three protein rich supplements containing low (17%; LP), medium (19%; MP), or high (21%; HP) levels of crude proteins for a period of 30 days. Results: Results showed that the average daily gain of calves increased (0.14 vs 0.23-0.26 kg; p<0.05) with protein concentrates supplementation. The concentration of plasma methionine increased (p<0.05; 8.6 vs $10.1-12.4{\mu}mol/L$), while those of serine and tyrosine did not change (p>0.05) when the grazing calves were supplemented with protein concentrates. Compared to control diet, the insulin level of calves increased (p<0.05; 1.86 vs $2.16-2.54{\mu}IU/mL$) with supplementation of protein concentrates. Addition of protein concentrates up-regulated (p<0.05) expression of mTOR-raptor, mammalian vacuolar protein sorting 34 homolog, the translational regulators eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1, and S6 kinase 1 genes in both Longissimus dorsi and semitendinosus. In contrast, the expression of sequestosome 1 was down-regulated in the concentrate supplemented calves. Conclusion: Our results show that protein supplementation improves the growth performance of early weaned yak calves, and that plasma methionine and insulin concentrations were the key mediator for gene expression and protein deposition in the muscles.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.95-103
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• 1999

본 연구는 초산의 Wistar 계 rat를 이용하여 포유기간 중 제한포유시기와 이유시기를 조절하여 혈중 progesterone 수준을 검토하였다. 정상포유군 (NL)은 포유자의 수를 8 마리로 조절하였으며, 제한포유군 (RL)과 완전이유군 (W)은 RL0, RL5, RL10, RL15 및 RL20, 그리고 W0, W5, W10, W15 및 W20으로 각각 5 개 군으로 구분하여, 제한포유군은 각 개시일에 포유자의 수를 8마리에서 4마리로 조절하였으며, 완전이유군은 각 개시일에 포유자의 수를 완전히 이유시켰다. 1. 포유자의 발육상태는 제한포유군에서 정상포유군보다 성장이 유의적 (P＜0.05)으로 증가하였고, 또한 분만직후 (RL0) 와 포유 5(RL5), 10(RL10), 15(RLl5) 일에 제한포유를 실시한 군에서는 시간이 경과함에 따라 정상포유군에 비해 유의적 (P＜0.05) 으로 증가하였으나, 포유 20 일(RL20) 에 제한포유군에서는 정상포유군과 차이가 없었다 . 초산 rat 의 임신기간은 21.53$\pm$0.04일이었고 산자수는 13.75$\pm$0.07 마리였다. 2. 포유기간 중 모체의 성주기 변화는 정상포유군은 발정징후가 관찰되지 않았으나 분만직후 제한포유군은 20 일을 전후하여 불규칙적인 성주기가 관찰되었고, 분만직후 완전이유군은 10일을 전후하여 정상적인 성주기가 관찰되었다. 3. 정상포유군의 progesterone 농도는 포유 0 일에 33.16$\pm$2.64ng/$m\ell$에서 포유 10 일에 122.55$\pm$3.68ng/$m\ell$ 까지 증가하여 포유 20 일까지 높은 수준을 유지하다가 그 후 25 일에 97.30$\pm$3.21ng/$m\ell$ 까지 급속히 감소 (P＜0.05) 하였다. 포유초기 (RL0, RL5)와 포유중기 (RL10)의 제한포유군은 제한포유실시 이후 5일 까지는 정상포유군과 같은 수준을 유지하다가 그 후 급격히 (P＜0.05) 감소하였다. 결론적으로 흰쥐에 있어서 분만 후 포유자의 포유자극이 모체 난소의 기능에 중요하게 작용하는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2001

조기이유 자돈용 액상사료 지동 급이기를 개발하기 위하여 물 가열 및 배출부, 가루사료 저장 및 배출부, 혼합부, 약상사료 이송부와 이들의 각 기능을 제어하는 중앙 제어부 및 급이기로 구성 하였다. 이러헥 개발한 조기이유 자돈용 액상사료 자동급이기의 실용성을 검토하기 위해 평균 19일령에 이유한 삼원교잡종(Lw$\times$D)ㅈ돈 18두(남9,여9)를 공시하여 3주 동안 액상으로 급여한 후 3주 동안 가루사료를 무제한 급여하였다. 결과는 아래와 같다. 개발한 액상사료 자동 급이기의 물 가열 및 배출부는 혼합부에 온수를 초당 27$m\ell$, 가루사료 저장 및 배출부는 가루사료를 초당 3.7g 씩 정확하게 중앙제어부의 작동에 따라 이송하였다. 일당증체량은 NRC의 표준 성장률과 비교해 액상사료를 급여한 3주 동안 자돈들이 10%정도 낮은 수준이었으나, 그후 가루사료를 급여한 3주 동안에는 24%, 시험전기간 17% 정도 높은 수준이었다. 사료요구율은 시험개시 후 3주 동안 1.09, 그 후 3주동안 2.14, 시험전기간에는 1.89 이었다. 설사 발생은 액상사료 급여후 3일부터 7일 까지 5일동안 발생하였고, 폐사 자돈은 없었다. 새로이 개발한 액상사료 자동 급이기 시작품의 성능 검정을 위한 예비적 시험으로 19일령에 이유한 자돈에게 적용해 본결과, 액상사료 자동급이기는 어떠한 문제없이 잘 작동되었으며, 자돈들의 액상사료 급여 초기 성장은 부진하였으나 차후 성장 촉진과 사료 이용율이 개선되는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 본 연구에서 새로이 개발한 액상사료 자동 급이기를 이용한 자돈 사육이 가능할 것으로 사료 된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.287-294
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• 1999

Vitamin and mineral deletion from swine diets can result in reduced growth if done during the period wher muscle and bone development is occurring. Several of the vitamins and minerals decline in the serum during the starter period, suggesting a higher dietary inclusion may be necessary postweaning. Vitamin research with grower-finisher pigs is limited, but results suggest that rapidly growing lean pigs may have a higher dietary requirement for the B vitamins. Several studies have suggested that early weaning and pigs of a lean genotype may have a dietary requirement for vitamin C, CI and Cr. High dietary vitamin E levels are fortified in the diet and seems to be effective in preventing mulberry heart problems in weanling and grower pigs. Organic Se is more effectively retained in muscle tissue than inorganic Se, approximately 20% less is excreted, but the bioavailability of organic Se for glutathione peroxidase activity is only 80 to 90% to that of sodium selenite. The active form of thyroxine (T4) is dependent upon a Se containing enzyme. Withdrawal of vitamins and minerals during the latter part of the finisher period has not affected pig performance responses, but studies with poultry suggest that the vitamin content of the meat may be reduced if the vitamins are withdrawn prior to marketing. High levels of vitamin E have been shown to improve pork quality, by reducing drip loss. Studies with vitamin C and Se have suggested that they may also be involved in pork quality.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.242-250
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to characterize the prenatal and postnatal development of the mouse parotid salivary gland and tooth, and to investigate the relationship between the developmental timing of the two organs. Development of parotid salivary gland begins on embryonic day 15 (E15), which is the prebud stage; E17 is the initial bud stage; E21 to postnatal day 3 (PN3) is the pseudoglandular stage; PN5 to PN10 is the canalicular stage; and PN21 is the terminal bud stage. At E15, the developing maxillary molar tissue is at the bud stage; at E17, it is at the cap stage; at E21, it is at the early bell stage; PN3 to PN5 comprises the advanced bell stage; at PN10, it is at the crown stage; at PN21, it is at the functional stage. Therefore, unlike the other major salivary glands, the development of mouse parotid salivary gland is completed through a process of prenatal and postnatal morphogenesis and becomes functional at about the same time as the developing tooth. The developmental completion times of the parotid salivary gland and tooth are closely related to the weaning time of animal.