• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2006년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.65-74
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• 2006

Modem drug discovery requires rapid pharmacokinetic evaluation of chemically diverse compounds for early candidate selection. This demands the development of analytical methods that offer high-throughput of samples. Naturally, liquid chromatography / tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is choice of the analytical method because of its superior sensitivity and selectivity. As a result of the short analysis time(typically 3-5min) by LC-MS/MS, sample preparation has become the rate- determining step in the whole analytical cycle. Consequently tremendous efforts are being made to speed up and automate this step. In a typical automated 96-well SPE(solid-phase extraction) procedure, plasma samples are transferred to the 96-well SPE plate, internal standard and aqueous buffer solutions are added and then vacuum is applied using the robotic liquid handling system. It takes only 20-90 min to process 96 samples by automated SPE and the analyst is physically occupied for only approximately 10 min. Recently, the ultra-high flow rate liquid chromatography (turbulent-flow chromatography)has sparked a huge interest for rapid and direct quantitation of drugs in plasma. There is no sample preparation except for sample aliquotting, internal standard addition and centrifugation. This type of analysis is achieved by using a small diameter column with a large particle size(30-5O ${\mu}$m) and a high flow rate, typically between 3-5 ml/min. Silica-based monolithic HPLC columns contain a novel chromatographic support in which the traditional particulate packing has been replaced with a single, continuous network (monolith) of pcrous silica. The main advantage of such a network is decreased backpressure due to macropores (2 ${\mu}$m) throughout the network. This allows high flow rates, and hence fast analyses that are unattainable with traditional particulate columns. The reduction of particle diameter in HPLC results in increased column efficiency. use of small particles (<2 urn), however, requires p.essu.es beyond the traditional 6,000 psi of conventional pumping devices. Instrumental development in recent years has resulted in pumping devices capable of handling the requirements of columns packed with small particles. The staggered parallel HPLC system consists of four fully independent binary HPLC pumps, a modified auto sampler, and a series of switching and selector valves all controlled by a single computer program. The system improves sample throughput without sacrificing chromatographic separation or data quality. Sample throughput can be increased nearly four-fold without requiring significant changes in current analytical procedures. The process of Bioanalytical Method Validation is required by the FDA to assess and verify the performance of a chronlatographic method prior to its application in sample analysis. The validation should address the selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision and stability of the method. This presentation will provide all overview of the work required to accomplish a full validation and show how a chromatographic method is suitable for toxirokinetic sample analysis. A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method developed to quantitate drug levels in dog plasma will be used as an example of tile process.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.159-179
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• 1974

In order to investigate morphological and cultural characteristics of strains in species, Flammulina velutipes, the author collected isolates of Flammultina velutipes at 49 locations in Korea and cultivated these isolates on the various kinds of solid media. After investigating the cultural characteristics, appeared on the various media, he obtained the following results : 1. The variation of colors in the fruit bodies is connected with the variation of climatic environments(composite effects between mean temperature in January and number of rain days of 1mm and over precipitation). The author, therfore, can find out the trend that brown type is distributed in the midland climatic region and yellow type in the southern climatic regoin. 2. Two types can be classified into several strains respectively : the strain of abundant or insufficient productivity, and strain of selectivity or non-selectivity of media. 3. According to the results of mutual comparison of soluble mycelial proteins by disc electrophoresis using polyacrylamide gels, each type has special common protein fractions(brown type : band located at 26..5mm position from surface of gel, yellow type : band located at 24.5mm position from surface of gel), and each strain has special protein fractions too. Therefore this phenomenon seems to support the results obtained by the above-stated morphological and cultural studies. 4. In the adaptability of strains to the temperature, every strain has the nature of growing in lower temperature(the optimum temperature of 20.deg.C to 25.deg.C) except that YI-1 strain has the optimum temperatue of $25^{\circ}C$-26^{\circ}C. And mycelial growth of every strain is discontinued at $35^{\circ}C.$ 5. In the adaptability of strains to the H-ion concentration, every strain has wide adaptable range of H-ion concentration, and has optimum range of pH 5.5 to 6.6 in mycelial growth excepting YA01, BI-2 and YI-1. 6. In the utility of carbon sources, the mycelial growth of every strain is very poor on the media containing xylose(average diameter of mycelial growth : 18mm), and most strains utilize favorably sucrose(39mm), maltose(37mm) and dextrose(35mm) in mycelial growth. In the utility of nitrogen sources, every strain utilizes favorably organic nitrogens(36 mm)more than inorganic nitrogens (25 mm), and utilizes fully peptone nad asparagine in organic nitrogens. Especially BA-1, BIK-2 and YA-1 strains grow vigorously on each media containing various carbon and nitrogen sources. 7. The characteristic tests of the number of days required for mycelial growth, the number of days requried for sprout of young bodies, the length of stipe and the number of fruit bodies formation seem to be useful methods in the early selection of the strain of the abundant productivity.

• 대한공간정보학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.129-136
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• 2014

본 연구에서는 세계 최초 정지궤도 해색위성인 GOCI 영상을 이용하여 최근 가장 심각한 적조피해가 발생한 남해안 해역을 대상으로 적조지역을 탐지하였다. 적조출현부터 소멸될 때까지의 구름이 없는 맑은 날의 GOCI 영상을 선정하여 적조지역을 탐지하였고, 시간적 변화에 따른 적조발생해역의 공간적 분석으로 적조 우심해역을 도출하였다. 본 연구 결과 남해안 해역에서 통영시 한산 욕지해역 일대가 적조 우심해역으로 나타났으며, 적조 우심해역에서 연안 해역인 통영시 산양읍 해역 일대로 적조 확산이 이루어지는 것으로 추정되었다. 또한, 시간적 경과에 따른 적조발생면적과 경상남도의 방제활동 및 적조피해 발생액의 변화를 비교 분석한 결과 상호 관련성이 있는 것으로 나타났으나, 적조활동은 다양한 인자에 의하여 이루어지기에 본 연구결과로 단정키는 어려우며 보다 많은 자료분석을 통하여 신뢰도를 높여야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국미생물생명공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국미생물생명공학회 2000년도 Proceedings of 2000 KSAM International Symposium and Spring Meeting
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• pp.3-6
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• 2000

Antimicrobial resistance has been a well-recognized problem ever since the introduction of penicillin into clinical use. History of antimicrobial development can be categorized based on the major antibiotics that had been developed against emerging resistant $pathogens^1$. In the first period from 1940 to 1960, penicillin was a dominating antibiotic called as a "magic bullet", although S.aureus armed with penicillinase led antimicrobial era to the second period in 1960s and 1970s. The second stage was characterized by broad-spectrum penicillins and early generation cephalosporins. During this period, nosocomial infections due to gram-negative bacilli became more prevalent, while those caused by S.aureus declined. A variety of new antimicrobial agents with distinct mechanism of action including new generation cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems, ${\beta}$-lactamase inhibitors, and quinolones characterized the third period from 1980s to 1990s. However, extensive use of wide variety of antibiotics in the community and hospitals has fueled the crisis in emerging antimicrobial resistance. Newly appeared drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), extended-spectrum ${\beta}$-lactamase-producing Klebsiella, and VRSA have posed a serious threat in many parts of the world. Given the recent epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance and its clinical impact, there is no greater challenge related to emerging infections than the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Problems of antimicrobial resistance can be amplified by the fact that resistant clones or genes can spread within or between the species as well as to geographically distant areas which leads to a global concern$^2$. Antimicrobial resistance is primarily generated and promoted by increased use of antimicrobial agents. Unfortunately, as many as 50 % of prescriptions for antibiotics are reported to be inappropriate$^3$. Injudicious use of antibiotics even for viral upper respiratory infections is a universal phenomenon in every part of the world. The use of large quantities of antibiotics in the animal health industry and farming is another major factor contributing to selection of antibiotic resistance. In addition to these background factors, the tremendous increase in the immunocompromised hosts, popular use of invasive medical interventions, and increase in travel and mixing of human populations are contributing to the resurgence and spread of antimicrobial resistance$^4$. Antimicrobial resistance has critical impact on modem medicine both in clinical and economic aspect. Patients with previously treatable infections may have fatal outcome due to therapeutic failure that is unusual event no more. The potential economic impact of antimicrobial resistance is actually uncountable. With the increase in the problems of resistant organisms in the 21st century, however, additional health care costs for this problem must be enormously increasing.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.427-434
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• 2011

중심교합위의 상태에서 편측 혹은 양측으로 상악 구치부의 치아가 하악 구치부의 협측으로 위치한 경우를 scissors bite라고 한다. 이는 상악의 폭경이 크거나 하악의 폭경이 좁은 경우 발생한다. Scissors bite의 경우 방치하게 되면 하악의 성장이 방해받게 되고 그 결과, 악궁 폭경의 부조화가 심해져 저작 장애를 일으킬 수 있으므로 조기 차단 교정이 반드시 필요하다. 실제 임상에서는 여러 치아의 scissors bite보다 최후방 구치 혹은 그 외 하나의 구치만의 single tooth scissors bite(STSB)을 보이는 경우가 많다. 이러한 STSB의 경우도 방치하게 되면 저작력으로 인하여 구치의 각도가 더욱 악화되므로 즉각적인 치료가 필요하다. 본 증례에서는 STSB를 보이는 7세, 14세, 12세, 16세의 환자에게 각각 criss-cross elastic, 고정성 장치, 가철성 장치, miniscrew를 사용하여 치료한 증례를 보고하였다. 각 환자의 증례에 적합한 장치를 잘 선택하여 사용한다면 치아를 정출시키는 등의 부작용을 야기하지 않고 양호한 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.472-500
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• 1996

Researches on mineral nutrition, physiology and phyrsiological diseases, . cultivaction methods. brceding. pest control quality management and extension during 1976-1995 in Korea were reviewed Review in brceding and pest control was restricted to the researches directely related to cultivaction. Mineral nulrient up take. partion and varicos factors such as top dreasing. Light intersity etc. and interrelationship between minerals were investigated. Top dressing was not effective due to low minera1 requorement Physiological characteristics on tempelature light and water were well elucidated and applied to assess traditional cultivation method and its inovation. Photosyrnthetic pigments. light harvest proteins and activity of related enzymes were studied. In nitrogen metabolism arginine, praline, ammonium, threonine appeared to have important role in re growth of shoot Saponin metabolism was studied in relation to growth and new ginsenosides were found but physiological role of saponin was not clearly elucidated yet Endogenous growth regulators were reported and various erogenous growth regulators were studied for growth stimulation. short stem and seed pruning etc. Various physiological diseases were investigated for cause and control measures were established. Water culture was little studied Forest culture was studied but not retched the recommendable stage Drip irrigation straw mulching. seasonal shading and soil preparation method including soil fertility adjustment were established for practical application. Shading materials completely changed to polyethylene net and materials of polymers The research on ginseng cultivation in paddy field opened the way to establish the permanent ginseng cultivation plantation Ginseng harvester and seeder were developed in the late 1950s. Transplanted and many other machines were developed in the early 1990s. In ginseng breeding only pure line selection was of practical significance several verities were at the stage of seed propagation at ginseng plantations. Mutation breeding (${\gamma}$-ray. X-ray chemicals) was not successful. The research on plantlet formation through tissue culture was a little progressed but still far behind to vegetative propagation. Disease control research was concentrated in the isolation and identification of pathogans. their ecological charactelistics and biological control and soil humigation. Potato root rot nematodes was found and control method was established. Insect and small animal control research was greatly progresses in identification, ecological investigation, and ecological and physical control. Weed control was less important due to the development of mulching method of ridge and ditch. Quality factors of raw ginseng in relation to red ginseng process were extensively studied. Traditional quality measures were elucidated in accordance with modern analytical chemistry resulting in the importance of peptides in the centrat part rather than ginsenosides For large root production growth promoting rootzone micrcorganisms (PGPRM) were isolated and active compounds were identified. Field test on PGPRM was on going. Varictus methods formality improvement through cultivation were developed. Management research of ginseng production was rare Extension was active throuch official and private organizations and through workshop for the extension specialists, and direct lectures to grower's. Extension services made the researcher to understand the existing problems at grower's fields. Research environment for ginseng production was in prime time only for three years when Korea Ginseng Research Institute was established then gradually aggravated.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.689-695
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• 2004

2003년 11월 경상남도 부림면 신반리의 결구상추 재배 플라스틱 하우스내에서 늦가을부터 밑둥썩음병이 발생하여 수확기인 11월에 평균 5.3%의 발병율이 조사되었다. 이는 비교적 낮은 수치이나, 2차적으로 균핵병과 잿빛곰팡이병이 유발되어 큰 경제적 피해를 야기하였다. 이때의 병징은 아랫잎의 밑둥 부위에 수침상의 원형 내지 타원형의 담갈색 또는 갈색점무늬가 나타나고 진전되면 윗잎쪽으로 병반이 부정형으로 크게 확대되어 결국 잎이 무르게 썩고 누렇게 변하며 종이처럼 말라죽는 증상이 관찰되었다. 이에, 밑둥썩음병이 발생한 지역의 병든 식물체와 토양으로부터 병원균을 분리하였으며 이 중 병원성이 가장 강한 PY-1 균주가 Rhizoctonia solani AG1 (IB)로 동정되었다. 균사생육 최적온도는 25∼30$^{\circ}C였으며, 병원성 검정을 위해 가장 효과적인 접종원으로 검정 방법이 용이하면서도 효율적인 균사조각 부유액 접종원을 생육상내 폿트 검정용으로 선발하였고, 토양내 부생적 착생을 위한 플라스틱 하우스내 토경 재배 검정용으로는 WRSP배지 접종원을 선발하였다. 또한, 선발된 각 접종원의 최적 처리농도 및 처리량에서는 각각 균사조각 부유액 접종원의 경우, 평균 주당 51.1%의 발병도를 보인 $A_{550}$=1.0농도를 가장 적합한 처리 농도로 선발하였으며, WRSP 배지 접종원의 처리량 비교에서는 평균 주당 61.6%의 발병도를 보인 40 $m\ell$를 최적 처리량으로 선발하였다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.502-508
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• 2011

감귤 '성전온주'(C. unshiu Marc)와 '병감'(C. reticulate Blanco)을 교배하여 얻은 다배성종자에서 교잡실생을 생육초기에 효과적으로 식별할 수 있는 방법 얻고자 PCR 기법에 바탕을 둔 RAPD와 SRAP 방법을 수행하였다. UBC (9, 27, 229, 230, 254) 프라이머와 SRAP (F4/R27, F7/R14, F12/R10, F44/R62) 프라이머 조합들을 사용하여 55개의 교배종자에서 얻은 실생들을 조사한 결과 37개의 종자에서 교잡실생을 식별할 수 있었다. F7/R14프라이머 조합에서는 45.5% (25/55)의 교잡실생을 식별할 수 있었고, UBC27 프라이머에서는 50.9% (28/55)의 식별효율을 보였다. 성전온주와 병감의 교배종자에서 UBC27 프라이머와 F7/R14 프라이머조합을 동시에 적용하였을 때에는 33개(60%, 33/55)의 종자에서 교잡실생을 식별할 수 있었다. 따라서 RAPD와 SRAP를 이용하였을 때 다배성 종자에서 교잡실생을 생육초기에 효율적으로 식별할 수 있었다.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.479-484
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• 2011

경기도 양평 인삼재배지에 발생한 가루깍지벌레는 7월 중순에서 8월 초까지 가루깍지벌레의 개체군 밀도가 증가하였다. 또한 인삼을 수확하기 시작하는 9월말까지도 주당 평균 8마리 이상이 발생하면서 지하부에 있는 인삼 뿌리까지 이동하여 피해를 주는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 실내에서의 생물검정을 통해 고삼추출물과 파라핀유를 주성분으로 하는 친환경유기농자재인 노버그와 깍삼이, GB-1, GB-2, GB-3, GB-5 등 6종을 선발하였다. 이들 6종의 친환경유기농자재는 화학합성 살충제인 clothianidin이나 thiamethoxam과 거의 비슷한 살충활성을 나타내었다. 선발된 친환경유기농자재를 인삼재배지에서 처리하여 방제효과를 확인한 결과, 고삼추출물과 파라핀유, 키토산을 주성분으로 하는 2종이 살충제 2종과 동일한 방제효과를 나타내었다.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.191-203
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• 2018

초기 창업업체 및 기술 창업 중소기업에 ISO 품질경영관리 시스템의 적용 여부에 따라 기업의 영속성에 어떤 영향을 끼치는지 확인한다. 특히 기술창업 중소기업의 품질경영관리 시스템이 전체 SYSTEM 에서 중요하게 차지하는 부분이 연구개발보다는 재무, 관리, 품질관리 부문의 경영관리 SYSTEM 적용이 중요함을 인지하고 있다. 각 사업구조별 의료기기 제작업체, 핸드폰 중개기 제작업체, 해외 중국업체이며 디젤엔진용 부품 제작업체 3개사의 성공 사례와 실패 사례 1개사를 통해 품질경영관리 SYSTEM을 적용하지 않은 업체의 문제점과 품질관리, 제품관리, 생산관리가 효율적 관리가 이루어지지 않아 생기는 재무적, 경제적, 관리적 문제점에 대해서 알아보고 그 원인에 대해서 연구하고 분석해본다. 사례 대상 업체에 품질경영관리 SYSTEM을 적용 후 부적합사항을 개선한 사례를 알아본다. 또한, 실패한 1개사를 선정 실패 사례를 통해 기업의 안정성과 영속성을 유지하기 위해 품질경영관리 SYSTEM을 적용 후 품질경영관리 매뉴얼과 절차서에 의거 실천 여부에 따라 사업의 성공과 실패가 판가름 남을 알 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 최근 기업내부에서는 내부 심사원등을 선임하여 지속 개선활동을 시행해야 하고 기업의 발전과 영속성을 원하는 업체는 반드시 품질경영관리시스템을 반영하여야만 함을 설명한다.