• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.84-94
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of high does carbon tetrachloride($CCl_4$) on the hepatotoxic effect of dimethylnitrosamine(DMN) which induces acute hemorrhagic necrosis in liver. Rats were injected intraperitoneally DMN dissolved in physiologic saline by a dose of 40mg/kg. For changes related to $CCl_4$ pretreatment, rats were injected intraperitoneally $CCl_4$ dissolved in olive oil by a dose of 0.4mg/kg, and then injected DMN. The livers were extracted from the rats 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 120 hours after $CCl_4$ and/or DMN injection. Liver tissues were examined with light and electron microscopes. The results were summarized as follows ; Light microscopic findings : Severe centrilobular hemorrhagic necrosis developed from 12 hours after injection of DMN and continued to 120 hours. On injection of DMN after $CCl_4$ pretreatment, Massive necrosis occurred early. But active regenerative changes were produced in 24 hours. In 120 hours, the liver recovered in almost normal appearance. The degree of necrosis in pretreated group was similar to that in DMN injection only, and the time of recovery was faster in preteated group. Electron microscopic findings ; The early change was mainly disorganization of RER in DMN injection, and clumping and vesicular dilatation of ER in injection of $CCl_4$. In pretreatment group the early change was similar in appearance with $CCl_4$ group, but severer in degree. According to the results, it was revealed that acute toxic effect of DMN was recovered more rapidly in pretreatment group. Thus it was suggested that $CCl_4$ had protective effect in DMN hepatotoxicity.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.275-281
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• 1999

The utility of RSV-LTR and carp beta-actin promoters was evaluated in a marine flatfish species, Limanda Yokohamae by examining successful expression of transgenic DNA in muscles (transfected by direct injection) and in early embryos (transformed by lipofected sperm). The expressed pattern of injected DNA in skeletal muscles was dependent on the DNA amount injected. The activity reached to maximal level at 48 hours post injection, and persisted up ot 1 month transiently. Gene transfer into early embryo of this species was successfully achieved using lipofected sperm with the efficiency ranging 36.8% to 48.1%. The expression of transgene during embryonic development was shown as stage-specific and transient.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2013

A quasidimensional program is developed for a four stroke cycle homogeneous GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) engine. It includes models for spray, burning rate and chemistry to predict knock and emissions. With early injection a homogeneous GDI engine goes through spark ignited, turbulent premixed combustion as in PFI (Port Fuel Injection) engines. The cylinder charge is divided into unburned and burned zone with the latter divided into multiple zones of equal mass to resolve temperature stratification. Validation is performed against measured pressure traces, NOx and CO emissions at different load and RPM conditions. Comparison is made between an empirical knock model and predictions by the chemistry model in this work.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06d
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• pp.708-714
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• 2001

Although LP gas has lots of advantages, there has been limitation in application for automotive engine due to the several disadvantages, such as power decrease, complex fuel supply unit, and back fire etc. However LP gas direct injection engine has possibility to solve the problems above mentioned. LEM(Light Extinction Method) was employed for analysis of spacial and temporal distribution of LP gas which is directly injected into combustion chamber under various pressure and temperature conditions. The results from CVC(Constant Volume Chamber) were compared to those of RICEM(Rapid Induction, Compression and Expansion Machine) which simulate early- and late injection of direct injection engine. LPG fuel spray is affected by temperature and pressure in evaporation characteristics but it is more benefit to direct injection engine in every way such as, fuel distribution, evaporating speed and well wetting reduction.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.9-17
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• 2001

This paper is the second of 3 companion papers which investigate axial stratification process. In-cylinder fuel behavior has been investigated in the port injected Sl engine by visualizing for the purpose of understanding stratification. Planar laser light sheet from an Nd:YAG laser has been illuminated through the transparent quartz cylinder of the single cylinder optical engine and the Mie scattered light has been captured through the quartz window in the piston head with an ICCD camera. Fuel has been replaced with an air-ethanol mixture to utilize atomized fuel spray fur the visualization purposes. This results have been compared with steady flow concentration measurement. For low/medium swirl port, the early injection makes such a fuel distribution state that is upper-rich, middle-lean and lower-rich along the combustion chamber and cylinder by tumbling motion. On the other hand, the late injection induces upper-rich, middle-lean and lower-rich state due to the short fuel penetration.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.101-104
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• 2011

Nicolau syndrome is a rare adverse reaction at the site of an intramuscular injection, and is characterized by severe pain immediately after the injection and rapid development of distinct skin lesions. As this syndrome is rare, it may be overlooked at the early clinical phase and subsequently, clinical outcomes may be worse due to delay in treatment. We report on a female who developed Nicolau syndrome following intramuscular diclofenac injection, which required surgical reconstruction. Understanding the characteristics of Nicolau syndrome and careful surveillance for relevant clinical features may help physicians to more quickly diagnose and treat this condition.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.99-106
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• 2010

A piezo-driven injector was applied with a purpose to evaluate the effect of induced voltage on spray characteristics. For this, injection rate, macroscopic imaging, ambient gas entrainment and particle sizing were carried out. It was shown that initial slope of injection rate was steeper as induced voltage increased, while slope of injection rate became mostly constant with fully opened needle. From macroscopoic imaging, longer spray tip penetration was produced with higher induced voltage. Moreover, wider spray angle was detected in the early stage of spray development, when higher induced voltage was applied. Ambient air entrainment rate was increased and particle size was reduced with higher induced voltage.

• The Journal of the Korean dental association
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.517-519
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• 1977

The author studied the effects of cyclophosphamide to the Dental pulps of Rabbits. Eighteen rabbits were used. The experimental rabbits were given an intramuscular injection of cyclophosphamide 50mg. per 1.5Kg. of body weight. In order to investigate effects of cyclophosphamide to the pulps of rabbits the control and experimental rabbits were sacrificed, on 1,3,5,7,10, and 14 days after injection of cyclophosphamide and made preparations for histopathologic findings. The results were as fallows. 1. In the early stage after injection of cyclophosphamide, retrcgrade degeneration of pulps such as infiltration of inflammatory cells, vacuolization, hyaline degeneration and reticular tissue atrophy in pulps were revealed. 2. The pulps were recovered from 10 to 14 days after injection of cyclophosphamide.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2013.06a
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• pp.37-40
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• 2013

Hydrogen-dimethy ether (DME) and hydrogen-diesel compression ignition engine combustion were investigated and compared each other in a single cylinder compression ignition engine. Hydrogen and DME were used as low carbon alternative fuels to reduce green house gases and pollutant. Hydrogen was injected at the intake manifold with an injection pressure of 0.5 MPa at fixed injection timing, $-210^{\circ}CA$ aTDC. DME and diesel were injected directly into the cylinder through the common-rail injection system at injection pressure of 30 MPa. DME and diesel inejction timing was varied to find the optimum CI combustion to reduce CO, HC and NOx emissions. When DME was injected early, CO and HC emissions were high while NOx emission was low. Fuel consumption, heat release rate, and exhaust emissions were measured to analyze each combustion characteristics of each ignition promoter. Fuel consumption was decreased when diesel was used as an ignition promoter. This is due to the lower volatility of diesel which created more stratified charge than DME.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2013

Hydrogen-dimethy ether(DME) partially premixed compression ignition(PCCI) engine combustion was investigated in a single cylinder compression ignition engine. Hydrogen and DME were used as low carbon alternative fuels to reduce green house gases and pollutant. Hydrogen was injected at the intake manifold with an injection pressure of 0.5 MPa at fixed injection timing, $-210^{\circ}CA$ aTDC. DME was injected directly into the cylinder through the common-rail injection system at injection pressure of 30 MPa. DME inejction timing was varied to find the optimum PCCI combustion to reduce CO, HC and NOx emissions. When DME was injected early, CO and HC emissions were high while NOx emission was low. As the DME injection was retarded, the CO and HC emissions were decreased due to high combustion efficiency. NOx emissions were increased due to the high in-cylinder temperature. When DME were injected at $-30^{\circ}CA$ aTDC, reduction of HC, CO and NOx emissions was possible with high value of IMEP.