• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.555-568
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• 1992

This study was to compare the effects of dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and fat unsaturation on plasma lipids and chemical composition of VLDL and LDL fraction and lipogenic enzymes activity in rat liver under the conditions providing 1) a similar amount of n-6, n-3 fatty acids(LA, ALA, EPA+DHA) in diets and 2) the various degree of fat unsaturation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 420g were treated for 6-n with six experimental diets providing 25% of energy as fat and which were different only in fatty acid composition. The fats used for a source of each fatty acid were beet tallow for saturated fatty acid corn oil for n-6 linoleic acid(LA) perilla oil for n-3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid(ALA) and fish oil n-3 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and n-3 docosahexaenoic acid(DHA). Plasma cholesterol level was increased by corn oil to compare with beef tallow but was decreased by perilla oil or fish oil. Plasma TG level was significantly decreased by perilla oil or fish oil. Fish oil significantly reduced the level of HDL-Chol and the proportion of Chol in LDL fraction and that of TG in vVLDL fraction. Overall there was a singificant negative correlation between the level of each plasma lipid(Chol TG, VLDL-TG, LDL-C) and the degree of fat unsaturation. However this rerlationship is not always true when compared the hypolipidemic effect of each fatty acid at a similar level of fat unsaturation. There was a trend such taht glucose 6-P dehydrogenase 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and malic enzyme activites were reduced by n-3 fatty acids. Perilla oil significantly increased the incorporation of c20:5 and c22:5 into liver tissue and fish oil suignificantly increased the incorporation of c20:5, c22:6 into liver tissue and the effect of long chain n-3 fatty acid incorporation was greater by fish oil. therefore the hypotriglyceridemic effect of n-3 fatty acid could be resulted from the interference of hepatic lipogenesis by long-chain n-3 fatty acids and the reduced proportion of TG in VLDL fraction and its effect was greater by n-3 EPA+DHA than n-3 ALA even though plasma Chol and TG levels were also influenced by the degree of dietary fat unsaturation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제28권10호
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• pp.995-1003
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• 1995

This study was conducted to asses the $\omega$-3 fatty acid intake levels and to evaluate the relationship between the levels of $\omega$-3 fatty acids in plasma and erythrocyte membrane and the dietary intake of these fatty acids over the period of two months in 56 young Korean females. Dietary survey was conducted to obtain 7-day weiged records and six 24-hour recalls. Fasting blood sample was collected from each subject after the dietary survey period. Mean daily intakes of energy, fat, and cholesterol were 1,569㎉, 41.8g, and 217mg, respectively. Fat suppled 24% of total energy intake. Mean daily intake levels of eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA), docosahexaenoic acid(DHA), and total $\omega$-3 fatty acids were 0.04g, 0.06g, and 0.48g, respectively. Plasma cholesterol levels of most of the subjects were within normal range, and there was no significant correlation between plasma cholesterol levels and intake levels of any specific fatty acid. Levels of EPA, DHA, EPA+DHA in plasma and erythrocyte membrane, but not the levels of $\alpha$-linolenic acid(LNA), were significantly correlated with dietary in take of respective fatty acids. Such a correlation, however, was not observed in a previous study where dietary intake was assessed for 3 days. The results of this study show that dietary intakes of $\omega$-3 fatty acids are low in the subject and that about two-month period is required to assess dietary intake levels of $\omega$-3 fatty acids with a reasonable accuracy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.66-71
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• 2002

We investigated the effect of fish oil (FOS) on growth performance, ruminal metabolism and fatty acid composition and physical characteristics of longissimus muscle in 10 steers and 10 bulls of Korean cattle. Concentrates diet was supplemented with FOS at 5% of the diet. FOS contained 3.34% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 24.87% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of total fatty acids by weight. Average daily weight gain and feed efficiency were not affected (p>0.871) by FOS, but feed intake was decreased. FOS had lower (p<0.003) pH and higher (p<0.001) $NH_3$-N than that of control. There was a treatment effect (p<0.001) for serum cholesterol concentrations. FOS increased (p<0.009) concentrations of n-3 fatty acids, including linolenic, EPA and DHA in longissimus muscle. Physical traits were significantly (p<0.015) changed by feeding FOS except for pH and lightness (L). We concluded that the fatty acid composition and physical properties of the muscle in fattening Korean cattle can be altered by feeding 5% FOS.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.301-307
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• 2009

Inflammatory processes of vascular endothelial cells play a key role in the development ofatherosclerosis. We determined the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on LPS-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to evaluate their cardioproteerive potential. Cells were pretreated with DHA, EPA, or troglitazone prior to activation with LPS. Expression of COX-2, prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) and IL-6 production, and $NF-{\kappa}B$ activity were measured by Western blot, ELISA, and luciferase activity, respectively. Results showed that EPA, DHA, or troglitazone significantly reduced COX-2 expression, $NF-{\kappa}B$ luciferase activity, and $PGE_2$ and IL-6 production in a dose-dependent fashion. Interestingly, low doses (10 ${\mu}$M) of DHA and EPA, but not troglitozone, significantly increased the activity of $NF-{\kappa}B$ in resting HUVECs. Our study suggests that while DHA, EPA, and troglitazone may be protective on HUVECs under inflammatory conditions in a dose-dependent manner. However there may be some negative effects when the concentrations are abnormally low, even in normal endothelium.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.352-357
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• 2013

This study estimates the classification criteria which distinguishes the types of omega-3 health functional foods, fish oils and fish oil usages through $^{13}C$-NMR spectra and fatty acids contents analysis. The major fatty acids of omega-3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, $C_{20:5}$) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, $C_{22:6}$) are being analyzed. 10 ethyl ester (EE) forms and 10 triglyceride (TG) forms are the most common types of fish oils for 20 omega-3 products. Gas chromatography (GC) analysis generally shows the matching EPA and DHA contents of the products listed on the notation. But EE form contents of EPA and DHA are higher and are more varied than the TG form. Most of the samples of EPA/DHA ratio show different content ratios of indicated on the products when comparing with standards. The $^{13}C$-NMR analysis of EPA and DHA on sn-1,3 and sn-2 carbonyl peak position with fish oil triglycerides display whether the reconstituted triglycerides (rTG) are being confirmed or not. As a result of the 9 TG form, the 10 TG products showed similar values: EPA sn-1, 3; 13.46~15.66, sn-2; 3.00~4.52, DHA sn-1, 3; 2.43~4.40, sn-2; 3.84~6.36. But one product showed lower contents (EPA: sn-1, 3; 5.88, sn-2; 2.86, DHA sn-1, 3; 2.29, sn-2; 5.95) of EPA, thus it can be considered a different type of oil and only matched six products according to the label. This study is intended to provide basic materials which identify the status for the types and quality of omega-3 fish oil products according to fatty acids profiles and the $^{13}C$-NMR spectrum confirmed the location specificity of EPA and DHA.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.430-434
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• 1987

알칼리 수산화물이 용해되어 있는 에탄올을 사용하여 어유를 비누화시키고 이를 냉각 여과함으로써 ${\omega}-3$고도불포화지방산 특히, EPA와 DHA가 농축된 지방산 농축물을 얻을 수 있었다. 정어리유와 농축물의 지방산 비교 분석한 결과 지방산 분자의 이중결합 수 또는 탄소사슬 길이보다는 탄소사슬 길이에 대한 이중결합 수의 비율이 에탄올에 대한 지방산 나트륨염의 용해도를 결정짖는 보다 중요한 인자라는 점을 알수 있었다. 비누화 반응의 용매인 에탄올 내의 물함량은 분리효율에 커다란 영향을 끼쳤는데 물함량이 낮아질수록 농축물 내의 EPA 및 DHA 함량과 이들의 수율이 증가되는 경향이었다. 한편, 비누화된 용액을 결정화시킬 때의 냉각온도 및 냉각과정은 공정의 효율에 큰 영향을 끼치지 않았다. 무수 에탄올을 사용하고 비누화된 용액을 $10^{\circ}C$로 급속 냉각하였을때 EPA와 DHA함량이 원료 정어리유의 14.2%와 10.7%에서 각각 34.1%와 27.8%로 증가된 PUFA농축물을 84.5%의 수율로 얻을 수 있었다.

• 한국해양바이오학회지
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.206-212
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• 2006

Supercritical carbon dioxide ($SCO_2$) extraction was investigated as a method for protein-sourcing material from squid viscera. To find the optimum conditions, the extraction of squid viscera using $SCO_2$ was performed under the conditions of temperature range from 35 to $45^{\circ}C$ and constant pressure 25 MPa using Hewlett-Packard 7680T. Also from result of SDS-PAGE, the protein denaturation was minimized when using $SCO_2$ extraction. And the major amino acids in the squid viscera were glutamic acid, aspartic acid, lysine, leucine, arginine, alanine, glycine, isoleucine, and valine. The main fatty acids from squid viscera were myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, heneicosanoic acid, palmitoleic acid, elaidic acid, oleic acid, eicosenoic acid, EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid).

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.121-130
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• 1995

This project has been worked out for isolation of EPA-producing bacteria from marine source of sea water, sea sediment and intestinal contents eviscerated from some red-muscle fish such as mackerel, horse-mackerel and spike fish. The samples were precultured on the media of PPES-II glucose broth and then pure-cultured on Nutrient agar and P-Y-M glucose. Lipids extracted from those bacterial mass collected by centrifugation were analysed in terms of lipid class and fatty acid composition. The results are resumed as follows : 1. 112 strains from sea water and 76 strains from sea sediment were tested for their EPA producing capability, but both strains of (SA-67 and SA-91) from the former and four strains(SS-35, 37, 51 and 71) from the latter have been proved to produce EPA above the level of 2% of total fatty acids. The strains such as GS-11, 29, 31, HM-9, 29, B-18, 33, 107, YL-129, 156, 203, 77, 104 and 256 which were isolated from fish intestinal contents, have also produced EPA at higher level than 2% of total fatty acids. 2. Contents of total lipids extracted from the cultures of these strains grown at $25^{\circ}C$, range from 2.8% to 6.9% (on dry weight %), and they are mainly composed of polar lipids($40.9{\sim}52.9%$) such as phosphatidyl glycerol($^{+}cardiolipin$)(?) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine ($33.8{\sim}40.0%$), with smaller amount of free fatty acid ($11.2{\sim}20.2%$). 3. EPA was isolated from a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters obtained from the lipid of each strain by HPLC in silver-ion mode and was identified by GC-Mass spectrometry. 4. The strains of SW-91, GS-11, GS-29, HM-9, B-18 and YL-203 grown at $25^{\circ}C$ have a level of 5% EPA in their total fatty acids, and the GS-11 and HM-9 strains show a tendency of increase in the EPA level with an increase of growth temperature.

• Clinical Nutrition Research
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.304-319
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• 2023

Previous studies have suggested that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, predominantly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have several health benefits. However, their effect on changes in skeletal muscle mass and strength has not been established, owing to differences in study designs. This systematic review aimed to investigate the recent evidence regarding the role of dietary EPA and DHA in muscle mass changes and their association with muscle strength. Databases including PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for randomized controlled trials and single-arm interventions that investigated the effects of omega-3 fatty acids on skeletal muscle mass, strength, and body composition in adults aged 18 years and older. A total of 18,521 studies were retrieved from the databases and manual searches; 21 studies were quality assessed, and the findings were summarized. Studies were categorized into 3 main categories according to the type of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation: pure compounds such as oil tablets, formulated forms with protein, leucine, and vitamin D, and ingredients added to enteral nutrition support products. Overall, the majority of the study results appeared to indicate that omega-3 fatty acids are beneficial for muscle health. However, meta-analysis was not conducted because of the heterogeneity of the study participants, evaluation method of muscle indices, and intervention periods among the studies. High-quality studies are required to validate our conclusions. However, this systematic review of the effects of EPA and DHA on skeletal muscle and body composition provides evidence that can be applied in both clinical and industrial settings.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.177-187
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• 1996

We studied the effects of fish oil supplementation with low does on the lipid concentration and fatty acid of plasma and the fatty acid composition of plasma phospholipid and erythrocyte of lactating women. The subjects, 18 lactating women, who were exclusively breast-fed their babies were classifed into a control group and 2 fish oil groups according to dose; the subjects of fish oil groups were supplemented with 1.96g/d or 3.92g/d of fish oil, respectively for 2 weeks from 10 to 12 weeks postpartum. All subjects consumed their usual diet at home. Blood sample were collected at the final day of experiment. The plasma HDL-cholesterol level increased significantly by fish oil supplementation. The concentrations of DHA (docesahexaenoic acid) and EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) in the plasma PC(phosphatidylcholine) and PE (phosphatidylethanolamine)of fish oil groups tended to increase, but not significant. However, the concentrations of DHA and EPA of PC and PE in erythrocyte were not affected by fish oil supplementation. These results demonstrate that fish oil supplementation with low dose does not change the concentration of plasma lipid as well as fatty acid composition in plasma PC and PE and red blood cell obviously. However the increase of plasma HDL-cholesterol level, the reduction of atherogenic index(AI) and the tendency of increase of DHA and EPA concentrations in plasma PC and PE indicate that there may be some beneficial effects on maternal lipid metabolism if fish oil intakes were increased.