• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.404-408
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• 2007

In this study, we investigated the effects by age of long-tenn supplementation of Epimedium koreanum Nakai (EKN)-containing water on the in vivo antioxidant capacities of rats. All rats were reared in a conventional system, and none of the rats showed any signs of aversion to the EKN solution. Neither the mean nor maximum life spans of the rats were extended by long-tenn administration of the solution. The EKN extract caused decreases in the levels of serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in the rats. The activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione (GSH) peroxidase within the liver cytosol decreased with age in both the control and EKN-supplemented groups. GSH peroxidase activity, however, was higher at old age in the EKN-supplemented group. The activities of GSH reductase and GSH-S-transferase, and the levels of free-sulfhydryl (SH) and total-SH group gradually decreased with age in both groups. However, there was some tendency for higher levels in the EKN supplemented group at a corresponding age. These results indicate that long-tenn supplementation of EKN water extracts alone does not exhibit discernible adverse effects in rats, and has some enhancing effects on the antioxidant capacities of the blood and liver, but it does not have life-prolonging effects.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.357-364
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• 2011

To evaluate hepatoprotective effect of Epimedium Koreanum nakai (EKN) on liver-damaged animal model, rats were intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride (1 ml/kg) for 9 weeks orally. Liver-damaged rats were divided into 2 groups: liver-damaged control (LDC) group and EKN group were administered vehicle (saline), EKN extract per os for 4 weeks respectively. Normal control (NC) group was administered saline as the same process of LDC group. The weights of prostate (absolute), testis (relative), epididymis (relative) and packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of EKN group significantly (P < 0.05) increased compared with LDC group. But Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpusulcar hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were significantly (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) decreased. Fibrotic regions in hepatic parenchyma of EKN group significantly (P < 0.01) decreased compared with LDC group and mean diameters of hepatic lobules significantly (P < 0.01) increased. Percentages of degenerative kidney regions and number of degenerative kidney tubules, number of vasodilated atrophic glomerulus of EKN group was significantly (P < 0.01, P < 0.05) decreased compared with LDC group. Number of atrophic seminiferous tubules and epididymal tubules showing oligospermatozoa of EKN group were significantly (P < 0.01) decreased compared with LDC group. In conclusion, EKN extract has a favorable effect on the $CCl_4$-induced liver damage.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.514-521
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• 2010

Epimedium koreanum nakai (EKN) has been used for treatment of reproductive disorders. In this study, we evaluated the effects of EKN water extract on the 2-bromopropane (2-BP) induced reproductive dysfunction. The daily sperm production (DSP), sperm counts and histological changes of reproductive organs were investigated after 4 weeks of EKN administration in 2-BP induced reproductive damaged rats. Although the weights of epididymis and seminal vesicle were increased dose-dependently, they were lower than control group. DSP of EKN-dosing groups were increased compared to control group. In EKN-dosing groups, the number of degenerative seminiferous tubules and the number of epididymal tubules showing epithelial cell vacuolation and decreased spermatozoa in the lumen were significantly (p < 0.01) decreased compared to control group dose-dependently. Significant (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) increases of the number of sertoli cells, spermatogonia, patchytene spermatocytes, round spermatids and elongated spermatids were observed in EKN-dosing groups compared control group. Consequently, based on the results, EKN water extract could treat 2-BP induced reproductive damages dramatically.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.81-90
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• 2020

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate the effects of major constituents of Epimedium koreanum Nakai (Icariin, epimedium A, epimedium B, and epimedium C) on melanin synthesis. Methods : We measured melanin contents, tyrosinase activity, and expression of Rab27a in B16F10 cells cultured with Epimedium koreanum Nakai ethanol extract (EKN) and their major constituents. After treatment with H89 and dibutyryl cAMP, which inhibit or promote the activation of PKA, we observed changes in melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity stimulated by EKN. Results : Among them, EKN and icariin enhanced tyrosinase activity and melanin contents. We confirmed that EKN augmented melanin synthesis via cAMP/PKA pathway. Icariin-induced tyrosinase activity and melanin content were attenuated by PKA inhibitor H89, while melanogenic effect of icariin was further augmented by cAMP analog, dbc AMP. However, icariin did not affect the expression of small GTPase Rab27a involved in melanosome transport. Conclusions : These results suggest that icariin promotes melanogenesis through cAMP/PKA pathway but does not affect small GTPase Rab27a.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.732-736
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the extraction method of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of the aerial part of Epimedium koreanum NAKAI (EKN). The antioxidant activities of EKN were tested with by hydrogen donating ability, inhibition of lipid peroxidation, and inhibition of LDL oxidation. The most suitable conditions for the extraction of phenolic compounds from EKN were to use 60% ethanol by 3 times, and the yield of extract (dry basis) was 22%. In the extraction efficiency of phenolic compounds, 60% ethanol as extracting solvent was superior to water. Sixty% ethanol extract of EKN was found to have an ability of hydrogen donating to DPPH. MDA determination showed the 95% inhibitory effect against linoleic acid oxidation by the addition of 700 ppm EKN extract. Also, about 70% of LDL oxidation was inhibited by the addition of 500 ppm.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2002

Epimedium koreanum Nakai(EKN) has traditionally been well-known as a herbal medicine for the promotion of stamina and the improving sexual activity of human in oriental countries including Korea and China. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of EKN water-extract(0.025%,w/v) on age-related change of xenobiotic metabolizing system in rat liver. Long-term supply of the EKN extract to rats did not induce any discernible signs. However, the mass of liver and kidney were slightly increased by the dietary supplementation. Level of cytochrome P450, NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase, P450 dependent ethoxycoumarin O-deethylase benzphetamine N-demethylase and glutathione-S-transferase in liver were decreased with age, but, these activities in 24 months of age were declined more in rats supplied with EKN extract. Level of cytochrome b5 and NADH-cytochrome b5 reductase were also decreased with age, however, there was no significant difference between with and without EKN extract. These results indicate that long-term supplementation of EKN extract to rats from weaning to 24 months may be a burden on the liver function in old age, and may aggregate the decline of xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes activities in old age.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.261-267
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• 1993

Barwise & Cooper (1991)는 Hans Kamp(1981)의 DRS(Discourse Representation structure)를 기초로 EKN(Extended Kamp Notation)을 개발하였다. 본 논문은 EKN을 통해 실제 자연언어의 의미를 분석하는 데 그 목적이었다. 특히 이 논문은 양화사 의미해석의 기본개념이 되는 자원상황(resource situation), 치역(range), 사건(event) 등의 개념을 구체화하여 영어나 한국어 명사구의 누적성과 의존성에 관련된 의미를 분석한다. '세명의 학생이 (비디오 가게에서) 영화 일곱편을 빌렸다'라는 표현은 '학생'과 '영화'의 배분성 ${\pm}$ 과 집합성 ${\pm}$ 에 의한 일곱가지 해석 이외에 '세명의 학생이 각자 빌린 영화들이 일곱가지'라는 누적적 해석도 가능하다. 이러한 명사구의 누적적 해석에 대하여 분석하고, 'John always wears a tie,. They, were all silk,'에서 'a tie'와 'they'가 공지표화(i) 되기 위한 통사적 요건(성, 수의 일치)을 충족하지 않는 의존적 복수에 대하여도 분석한다.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.163-169
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• 2010

To evaluate of oral toxicity of Epimedium koreanum nakai (EKN) water extract, three doses of EKN water extract (10, 100 and 1000 mg/kg/day) were administered to healthy Sprague-Dawley rats for 4 weeks. The results showed that there are no abnormal signs during the experimental period. The weights of testis and epididymis were increased dose-dependently, but seminal vesicle was decreased compared with control group. In hematology and serum chemistry, changes were observed within the normal ranges. In histological finding, slight to moderated changes were found but those were commonly or rarely encountered in the normal rats. These results suggest that no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of the oral application of EKN was considered to be more than 1000 mg/kg in SD rats under the conditions employed in this study.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Clinics Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.71-71
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• 2008

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.833-842
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• 2020

Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a commonly encountered large intestine disease in the contemporary world that terminates into colorectal cancer; therefore, the timely treatment of UC is of major concern. Panax ginseng Meyer is an extensively consumed herbal commodity in South East Asian countries, especially Korea. It exhibits a wide range of biologically beneficial qualities for almost head-to-toe ailments in the body. Epimedium koreanum Nakai (EKN) is also a widely used traditional Korean herbal medicine used for treating infertility, rheumatism, and cardiovascular diseases. Materials and methods: Separately the anti-inflammatory activities of both red ginseng extracts (RGEs) and EKNs had been demonstrated in the past in various inflammatory models; however, we sought to unravel the anti-inflammatory activities of the combination of these two extracts in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in mice model because the allopathic remedies for UC involve more side effects than benefits. Results: Our results have shown that the combination of RGE + EKN synergistically alleviated the macroscopic lesions in DSS-induced colitic mice such as colon shortening, hematochezia, and weight loss. Moreover, it restored the histopathological lesions in mice and decreased the levels of proinflammatory mediators and cytokines through the repression of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and nucleotide-binding domain (NOD)-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP-3) expression. In vitro, this combination also reduced the magnitude of nitric acid (NO), proinflammatory mediators and cytokine through NF-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophage cells. Conclusion: In the light of these findings, we can endorse this combination extract as a functional food for the prophylactic as well as therapeutic treatment of UC in humans together with allopathic remedies.