• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 2013

Objectives: There are a lot of studies that analyze the interaction between the emotion of disgust and the functional brain images using fMRI and PET. But studies using sLORETA (standardized low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography) almost do not exist. The aim of this research is to explore the relationship of the emotion of disgust and the cortical activation using sLORETA analysis. Methods: Forty five healthy young adults ($27.1{\pm}2.6$ years) participated in the study. While they were watching 4 neutral images and 4 disgusting images associated with mutilation selected from the international affective picture system (IAPS), participants' EEGs were taken for 30 seconds per one picture. Through these obtained EEG data, sLORETA analysis was performed to compare EEGs associated with neutral and negative images. Results: During looking for visual disgusting stimulus, all participants reported unpleasantness, arousal and stress. In sLORETA analysis, the decrease of current density in theta wave was shown at left frontal superior gyrus (BA10) and middle gyrus (BA10, 11). This voxel cluster consists of a total of 11 voxels and the threshold of t value indicating statistically significant decreases in the current density (p<0.05) was -1.984. There were no differences between male and female in the degree of being disgusted by the stimuli. Conclusion: This finding may suggest that the activation of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex might be associated with regulating disgust emotion.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.82-95
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• 2015

This study is intended to obtain a guideline for creating a therapeutic garden soundscape in a psychiatric hospital by analyzing the psychological and physiological effects of auditory components on mental patients. The subjects were 27 inpatients at a psychiatric institute located in Jeollabuk-do. They were recommended by their doctors and had been diagnosed with mild cases of schizophrenia. The survey was carried out in October 2011. With regard to the study, the subjects listened to single sounds(the sound of flowing water, birdsong, wind chimes and music) and 4 sounds composed of some of these, and then Electroencephalography(EEG) and psychological effects were measured. The moving water sound was perceived as pleasing and revitalizing and the birdsong as sonorous and delightful. When designing a healing garden in a psychiatric hospital, the vitality of sound should be considered. In comparison to other single sounds, water sounds were highly preferred and had greater effects on psychological vitality. Music sounds had a significant effect on enhancing tranquility while water sounds affected on both psychological vitality and tranquillity. When comparing single sounds with combined sounds, single sounds such as running water for vitality and music for tranquility had a greater psychological effect than combined sounds. In terms of combined sound preferences, the combination of water and bird sounds had higher preference rates. Generally, combined sounds including water tended to have higher preference rates. The physiological effects of single sounds showed that music had a greater therapeutic effect than natural sounds such as water sounds and birdsong in promoting tranquility. As for combined sounds adopted to enhance physiological tranquility, it is most appropriate to combine music and birdsong or music and water sounds. However, a single music sound is more effective than combined sounds. Overall, analyses of both psychological and physiological reactions showed music and water sounds to be most calming while water sounds promoted the greatest vitality.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.48 no.7
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• pp.753-759
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• 2005

Purpose : This study was performed to characterize clinical features of benign convulsions with gastroenteritis(CwG) in infants. Methods : We reviewed clinical features of 67 episodes in 64 patients with afebrile seizure accompanied gastroenteritis admitted to Dept. of Pediatrics Bundang CHA hospital from January 2001 to June 2004. Patients with meningitis, encephalitis/encephalopathy or apparent history of epilepsy were excluded. Results : There were 32 boys and 35 girls. The age of onset ranged from 1 to 42 months($18.5{\pm}6.1$ months). The number of children admitted to the hospital with acute gastroenteritis was 2,887 in the same period. The percentage of patients with CwG was 2.3. Seizure type was exclusively generalized tonic or tonic-clonic seizure. The average number of seizures during a single episode was 3.1 (range, 1-13). Two or more seizures occurred in 53(79.1%) of the 67 episodes. Antiepileptic drugs were administered for 42 episodes. Seizure did not cease after the administration of one kind of antiepileptic drug in 23 episodes(54.7%). The seizures were rather refractory to initial antiepileptic treatment. There were no abnormalities in serum biochemistry test including glucose and electrolytes. Cerebrospinal fluid was normal in all 54 episodes. Stool cultures were negative in 49 episodes. Rotavirus was positive in stools in 51(82.3%) of 62 episodes. Norovirus was positive in stools in 2 episodes and astrovirus in 1 of 18 episodes. CT and/or MRI were performed in 15 cases and demonstrated no neuroradiologic abnormalities. Of 73 Interictal EEG, initial 24 cases showed occasional spike or sharp wave discharges from the mid-line area during stage I-II sleep, which were apparently differentiated from vertex sharp transient or K-complexes. The mean follow-up period was 5.7 months(1-36 months). Three patients experienced a recurrence of CwG, but all patients exhibited normal psychomotor development at the last follow-up. Conclusion : Afebrile infantile convulsions with gastroenteritis are brief generalized seizure in cluster with normal laboratory findings and good prognosis. Therefore CwG is likely to be categorized as situation-related seizure of special syndrome. Recognition of this entity should lead to assurance of the parents and long-term anticonvulsant therapy is not usually warranted.

• The Journal of Korea Assosiation for Disability and Oral Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 2013

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a severe form of childhood epilepsy that is defined by generalized multiple type seizures, slowness of intellectual growth, and a specific EEG disturbance. Children affected might previously have infantile spasms or underlying brain disorder but etiology can be idiopathic. LGS seizures are often treatment resistant and the long term prognosis is poor. A 14-year-3-month old, 20.5 kg girl with LGS was scheduled for dental treatment under general anesthesia. The patient presented with multiple caries and heavy calculus. General anesthesia was induced and maintained with inhalation agent, Sevoflurane. And caries treatment, scaling, subgingival curretage were performed. LGS patients usually have poor oral hygiene due to mental retardation and have high risk of seizure during dental treatment. In dental treatment under general anesthesia for LGS, it must be considered of seizure control during peri-operative period. Also periodic recall check, instruction of oral hygiene must be performed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.1-12
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• 2015

This study analyzes the physiological healing effects on users according to forest types. Forest types are classified into Chamaecyparis obtusa, Quercus serrata and Pinus densiflora and the subjects of this study, 64 hypertensives, 59 diabetics and 59 ordinary people, were tested to observe their physiological effects. The index of physiological reaction comprises electroencephalogram(EEG), heart rate variability(HRV), blood pressure and cortisol level. An analysis of the stress-buffering effect from the physiological reactions of the overall subjects indicates that Quercus serrata forests have a higher stress-buffering effect than others in terms of central nervous, endocrine and autonomic nervous systems. Chamaecyparis obtusa forests are contributory to soothing stress in the central nervous and endocrine systems. Pinus densiflora forests contribute in some indexes of the endocrine and autonomic nervous systems. In contrast, Pinus densiflora forests are less influential on a stress-buffering effect than the other two. In the level of the effect for lowering blood pressure, Chamaecyparis obtusa and Quercus serrata forests are more effective than Pinus densiflora forests. Therefore, staying in the first two forests can heighten the healing effect of the lowering of blood pressure for hypertensive patients. Every forest is efficacious to lowering diabetic blood glucose levels. Spending time in Quercus serrata forests is more effective for hypoglycemic.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.70-80
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• 2000

Purpose : This study was performed to evaluate the antistress effects of two aromatic blends being composed of synergic essential oils and also to differentiate its effectiveness between two. Methods : The subject were 20(10 for men, 10 for women) for vital factors and another 20(10 for mem, 10 for women) for serum catecholamine. Vital factors(blood pressure, pulse), electroencephalograpy, psychological tests(SACL, STAI) and serum catecholamine were applied to the subjects. Results : 1. All two aromatic synergic blends revealed no significant differnce of vital factors after inhalation but stable conditions generally by lowering pulse and blood pressure after inhalation. 2. Both blends were significantly valuable in antianxiety and antistress effects statistically. There were no statistically difference between two blends. 3. There were no significant difference in all brain waves after inhalation of two blends but generally stable brain waves were seen in all areas. 4. There were antistress effects of both blends in accordance of decreased serum catecholamines after inhalation of both blends. There were no significantly difference between two blends statistically. Conclusion : Both two aromatic synergic blends reached effective antistress and antianxiety states after inhalation of each blends. There were no significant difference between two blends. Further studies about the effectiveness between the amount of aromatic essential oils and the duration of inhalation should be considered. Also clinical applications of these two aromatic synergic blending oils to develop the aromatic products would be affordable in the future.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 2009

Background: The intermittent delta activity in electroencephalographies (EEGs) of patients with focal brain lesions has been reported to be a marker of an epileptogenic focus. This study investigated the concordance between the current source distribution (CSD) of the interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) and that of the background delta frequency bands (DFBs) of the scalp EEG. Methods: We collected scalp EEGs of 13 patients with focal epilepsy that contained uniregional IEDs and unilateral delta to theta slow waves. We applied a distributed source model using LORETA$^{(R)}$ to determine the CSD of the peak points of the IEDs and the DFBs of the background activity. Results: The CSDs of the DFBs were ipsilateral to the CSDs of the peak point of the averaged IEDs in ten patients, and bilateral with ipsilateral predominance in three patients. In the cases with an ipsilateral CSD of the DFB, 8 of 10 patients had concordance of the CSD localization between the averaged IED and the DFB. In the cases with bilateral CSD of the DFB, 2 of 3 patients had concordance of the CSD localization between the averaged IED and the DFB. Conclusions: The CSD localization and lateralization appear to be concordant between the IEDs and the DFB of background activity in epileptic patients. Therefore, the CSD of the DFB in EEGs with visually observable slow activities may predict those of IEDs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.45-58
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• 2001

Subjective mental workload assessment technique becomes a standard human factors and human-machine interface evaluation tool for the evaluation of ITS(Intelligent Transport Systems)-oriented information systems as well as the drivers visual activity analysis, physiological indices(GSR, EEG, ECG, etc.), secondary task performance, reaction time. vehicle control parameters(speed, steering behavior, accelerator control) that are widely applied for transportation and vehicle systems to evaluate the safety, to decide the system or design alternatives, and to establish the design guidelines. This paper reviewed and compared the most globally employed four mental workload assessment techniques that have been designed for the use of various human-machine systems and ITS-oriented in-vehicle information systems. NASA-TLX(National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Task Load Index). SWAT(Subjective Workload Assessment Technique), MCH(Modified Cooper-Harper) scale, and recently developed RNASA-TLX(Revision of NASA-TH) were compared in terms of sensitivity and subjective evaluations to derive the human-machine interface evaluation guidelines for the application of ITS-oriented in-vehicle information systems. Then, experiment results supported that RNASA-TLX is the prospective tool for the mental workload assessment of ITS-oriented in-vehicle information systems.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.44-52
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the effect on Brain Quotient from inhalation of blended oils. The subjects of the study were 64 people aged 20 to 59 years, with 32 in the experimental group and 32 in the control group. Blended oil with six aromas (Lavender, Bergamot, Mandarin, Lemon, Cedarwood, Roman Chamomile) was given to the experimental group, and Jojoba oil was given to the control group, for 30 minutes. Before and after the experiment, BQ tests (SRQ, BRQ, ATQ, ACQ, EQ, ASQ, CQ, and BQ) from the experimental group and the control group were compared and analyzed using a brain-training machine (NeuroHarmony S). There was a significant difference between the experimental group and the control group in three out of the eight tests analyzed ATQ (p<.05), ACQ (p<.05), BQ (p<.05). In other words, aromatherapy improves concentration and memory by increasing attention, and helps to maintain mental activity, thinking ability, and behavioral balance. BQ also represents a comprehensive brain function, and aromatherapy is a good way to maintain human mental and physical health.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.525-530
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• 2011

Emotion is composed of various feelings such as pleasure, sorrow, comfortability, and so on. The complicated process of the measurement has long been recognized as a major hindrance for the studies of emotion. Previously, individuals' emotion has mainly been measured by means of self-report, interview, EEG (electroencephalogram), ECG (electrocardiogram), EOG (electroculography), and body temperature. With thanks to nano/micro technologies, the possibility in the development of emotion-on-a-chip (EOC) has begun to be proposed. EOC will make it possible to analyze one's psychological status by taking a drop of blood. Discovery of emotional biomarkers in body fluids, understanding of the correlation between those biomarkers and the results from brain science are prerequisites to validate the EOC technology. In this paper, paper microfluidics are introduced as a good candidate for the EOC. As paper microfluidics is cost-effective and easy to use it is expected to be a useful device for the emotion measurement. We present the design and fabrication process for the simple paper-based microfluidic device and discuss the possible application in the field of measuring the human emotion.