• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.4166-4182
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• 2018

We consider the Device-to-Device (D2D) communications in cellular networks where each cellular user (CU) shares the same resource with multiple D2D users (DUs). In this paper, we aim to maximize the energy efficiency (EE) of the D2D networks, subject to an interference constraint required by the CU. Since the cellular and D2D communications belong to different networks, we consider to incentivize base station (BS) while assisting the DUs. To this end, we propose a Stackelberg game based interference pricing framework for the considered D2D communications in cellular networks. Unlike most of the existing methods, we use interference pricing framework to jointly address the EE resource allocation problem and the interference management in our networks rather than only improve the EE of the DUs or protect cellular networks. In particular, BS and all the users do not need all channel state information, which is more realistic in practice. In addition, two different pricing strategies are also proposed. Based on the two strategies, we analyze the equilibrium of the game. Moreover, in the first strategy, the upper and lower boundaries of the interference price are obtained. The closed-form expression is gained with a backward induction for the second strategy. Both offer valuable insights to the considered scenarios. Finally, compared with the existing work, the EE of the D2D communications is significantly improved. The advantageous performance of our scheme are demonstrated by the simulation results.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.60-64
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• 2006

The effect of far-infrared (FIR) irradiation and heat treatment on the antioxidant activity of extracts from citrus pomaces (CP) was evaluated. CP were placed in pyrex petri dishes (8.0 cm diameter) and irradiated at $100^{\circ}C$ and $150^{\circ}C$ for 5, 10, 15, 20, 40 or 60 min with a FIR heater or simple heater, respectively. After FIR irradiation or simple heat treatment, 70% ethanol extracts (EE) and water extracts (WE) of CP were prepared and radical scavenging activity (RSA) and reducing power of the extracts were determined. The antioxidant activities of the extracts increased as the time of heating or FIR-irradiation increased. When CP were FIR-irradiated at $100^{\circ}C$ far 30min, the values of RSA and reducing power of EE increased from 14.9% to 44.2%, and 0.290 to 0.886, respectively, compared to the untreated control. Simple heat treatment of CP at $100^{\circ}C$ for 60 min also increased RSA and reducing power of EE to 44.7%, and 1.045, respectively. FIR irradiation and heat treatment increased RSA and reducing power of WE from CP, too. These results indicated the antioxidant activity of CP extracts was significantly affected by FIR irradiation and heating temperature and duration on CP, and that the FIR irradiation and heat treatment process can be used as a tool for increasing the antioxidant activity of CP.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.554-561
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• 2017

Objective: This experiment was conducted as a $3{\times}2{\times}2$ factorial design to examine the effects of particle size (mean particle size of 331, 640, or $862{\mu}m$), evaluation method (direct vs indirect method) and adaptation duration (7 or 26 days) on the energy content and the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of various chemical components in wheat when fed to finishing pigs. Methods: Forty-two barrows ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$) with an initial body weight of $63.0{\pm}0.8kg$ were individually placed in metabolic cages and randomly allotted to 1 of 7 diets with 6 pigs fed each diet. For the indirect method, the pigs were fed either a corn-soybean meal based basal diet or diets in which 38.94% of the basal diet was substituted by wheat of the different particle sizes. In the direct method, the diets contained 97.34% wheat with the different particle sizes. For both the direct and indirect methods, the pigs were adapted to their diets for either 7 or 26 days. Results: A reduction in particle size linearly increased the digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents as well as the ATTD of gross energy, crude protein, organic matter, ether extract (EE) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) (p<0.05), and had a trend to increase the ATTD of dry matter of wheat (p = 0.084). The DE, ME contents, and ATTD of gross energy, crude protein, dry matter and organic matter were higher (p<0.05) when determined by the direct method, but the ATTD of ADF, EE, and neutral detergent fiber were higher when determined by the indirect method (p<0.05). Prolongation of the adaption duration decreased the ATTD of neutral detergent fiber (p<0.05) and had a trend to increase the ATTD of EE (p = 0.061). There were no interactions between particle size and the duration of the adaptation duration. The ATTD of EE in wheat was influenced by a trend of interaction between method and adaptation duration (p = 0.074). The ATTD of ADF and EE in wheat was influenced by an interaction between evaluation method and wheat particle size such that there were linear equations (p<0.01) about ATTD of ADF and EE when determined by the direct method but quadratic equations (p = 0.073 and p = 0.088, respectively) about ATTD of ADF and EE when determined by the indirect method. Conclusion: Decreasing particle size can improve the DE and ME contents of wheat; both of the direct and indirect methods of evaluation are suitable for evaluating the DE and ME contents of wheat with different particle sizes; and an adaptation duration of 7 d is sufficient to evaluate DE and ME contents of wheat in finishing pigs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.813-818
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• 2007

For this study, extracts of Vitex rotundifolia stems were prepared using reflux water extraction (WE), reflux ethanol extraction (EE) and hot water extract under high pressure (HWE). The extracts were investigated for the total content of phenolic compounds, antioxidant activities, and inhibitory potencies for xanthine oxidase and tyrosinase. The EE extraction method yielded the highest content of polyphenol compounds (176.34 mg/g). The electron donating abilities (EDA) were 93.46${\sim}$96.92%, when extracts were assayed at 1.0 mg/mL. The superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like activity was the highest in the WE extract (47.32% at 1.0 mg/mL). The nitrite scavenging abilities (pH 1.2) were 84.61${\sim}$88.36% and the inhibition of xanthine oxidase were over 90% at 0.5 mg/mL. Tyrosinase inhibition of HWE and WE were 57.84% and 53.47% respectively. It implies that V. rotundifolia stems have potent physiological activities and their activities were differently exhibited depending on solvent fractions.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• v.34
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• pp.15.1-15.9
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• 2022

Background: Most previous longitudinal studies on lifestyle and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) have focused on physical activity rather than sitting time. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between prolonged sitting time and the development of erosive esophagitis (EE). Methods: A self-report questionnaire was used for measuring sitting time in the Kangbuk Samsung Health Study. Sitting time was categorized into four groups: ≤ 6, 7-8, 9-10, and ≥ 11 hours/day. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was performed by experienced endoscopists who were unawared of the aims of this study. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the development of EE were estimated using Cox proportional hazards analyses with ≤ 6 hours/day sitting time as the reference. Results: There were 6,524 participants included in the study. During a mean follow-up of 3.14 years, 2,048 incident cases developed EE. In age- and sex-adjusted models, the HR in the group sitting ≥ 11 hours per day compared ≤ 6 hours per day was 0.88 (95% CI: 0.76-0.99). After further adjusting for alcohol intake, smoking status, educational level, history of diabetes, and history of dyslipidemia, sitting time was still significantly related to the risk of EE (HR, 0.87; 95% CI: 0.76-0.98). After further adjustment for exercise frequency, this association persisted (HR, 0.86; 95% CI: 0.76-0.98). In subgroup analysis by obesity, the relationship between sitting time and EE was only significant among participants with body mass index < 25 kg/m² (HR, 0.82; 95% CI: 0.71-0.95). Conclusions: Generally, prolonged sitting time is harmful to health, but with regard to EE, it is difficult to conclude that this is the case.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2003.11b
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• pp.203-206
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• 2003

JCA(Java Connector Architecture)는 다양한 형태의 데이터 리소스들을 하나의 J2EE 서버에서 사용하기 위해 SUN 에서 제안한 리소스 연동 방안이다. JCA 는 J2EE 서버와 데이터베이스, ERP 등의 레거시 시스템을 연동하기 위해 필요한 다양한 인터페이스들을 제공한다. 이러한 인터페이스들은 데이터 소스로부터 커넥션을 얻기 위한 규약, 이때 필요한 접근 제어 및 인증 관련 규약, 그리고 커넥션과 연관된 트랜잭션에 대한 처리 방안을 제시하는 규약들로 구분된다. 본 논문에서는 JCA의 아키텍처에 대한 설명과 함께 데이터베이스 커넥션에 초점을 맞추어, 트랜잭션의 유무와 상이한 데이터베이스 접근에 따른 3가지 모델에 대해 논의한다.

• Proceedings of the CALSEC Conference
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• 2002.01a
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• pp.479-483
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• 2002

Research Purpose Present a Reliability Measurement Model for e-biz solutions in J2ee environment Address problems with software reliability of e-biz solutions To remove defects as early as possible in the development process Reduce or eliminate defects from software-improve software quality(omitted)

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2005.07a
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• pp.667-669
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• 2005

현재 대부분의 컴포넌트기반개발 기법은 J2EE나 .NET과 같은 플랫폼상에서 적용되고 있다. 하지만 제한된 자원을 갖는 임베디드시스템에 J2EE나 .NET 플랫폼을 탑재하기에는 부담이 크다. 본 논문에서는 소형 디바이스 환경에 적합한 컴포넌트 기반의 임베디드시스템용 소프트웨어플랫폼을 설계하고, 동적 재구성 관리자를 통해 컴포넌트를 관리하는 기법을 제안한다.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.346-350
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• 2017

Seaweeds have a number of secondary metabolites, such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, and carotenoids, and have received much attention as a source of natural antioxidants. Thus, this study was carried out to examine the antioxidant activities from ethanol (EE) and water (WE) extracts of Zostera marina. Their antioxidant effects were investigated using total polyphenol contents (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and chelating effect. TPC of EE and WE was 2.12 mg/g and 3.88 mg/g, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activities of EE and WE were increased in a dose-dependent manner. In particular, EE had DPPH radical scavenging activity of 93% at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml, and was higher than that of WE (71%). EE and WE increased reducing power in a concentration-dependent manner, but their effects were lower than that of the control (ascorbic acid). In case of chelating effect, WE was 66% at a concentration of 1 mg/ml, and was stronger than EE (6%). These results suggest that extracts of Zostera marina can be potentially used as proper natural antioxidants in the food industry.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.52-59
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• 2019

The leave of Polygonum tinctorium (LPT) have been used for centuries as a traditional medicine and as a food ingredient and natural dye. The aim of the current study was to develop high-value added products using LPT. Hot water extract (HWE) and ethanol extract (EE) of LPT were prepared, respectively, and their bioactivity was evaluated. The extraction ratio for the HWE was 27.6%, which was two-fold higher than that of the EE. The contents of total polyphenol in the HWE and total sugar in the EE were 51.2 mg/g and 297.8 mg/g, respectively. The total flavonoid and reducing sugar contents were similar in the extracts, irrespective of the extraction solvent. The HWE did not show antimicrobial activity in a disc-diffusion assay, but the EE showed strong growth inhibition against gram-positive bacteria. The EE exhibited stronger DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and reducing power than those of the HWE. The HWE was particularly effective as a scavenger of nitrite ($RC_{50}$ of $6.0{\mu}g/ml$). In an antithrombosis activity assay, the EE showed significant anticoagulation activity as determined by an extended blood coagulation time (thrombin time, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time), in addition to platelet aggregation activity. The HWE also showed platelet aggregation inhibitory activity. This report provides the first evidence of antithrombosis activities of LPT. Our results suggest that LPT has potential as a new antioxidant and antithrombosis agent.