• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.635-644
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• 2019

Background: To increase the pharmacological effects of red ginseng (RG, the steamed root of Panax ginseng Meyer), RG products modified by heat process or fermentation have been developed. However, the antiallergic effects of RG and modified/fermented RG have not been simultaneously examined. Therefore, we examined the allergic rhinitis (AR)-inhibitory effects of water-extracted RG (wRG), 50% ethanol-extracted RG (eRG), and bifidobacteria-fermented eRG (fRG) in vivo. Methods: RBL-2H3 cells were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate/A23187. Mice with AR were prepared by treatment with ovalbumin. Allergic markers IgE, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-4, and IL-5 were assayed in the blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, nasal mucosa, and colon using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mast cells, eosinophils, and Th2 cell populations were assayed using a flow cytometer. Results: RG products potently inhibited IL-4 expression in phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate/A23187-stimulated RBL-2H3 cells. Of tested RG products, fRG most potently inhibited IL-4 expression. RG products also alleviated ovalbumin-induced AR in mice. Of these, fRG most potently reduced nasal allergy symptoms and blood IgE levels. fRG treatment also reduced IL-4 and IL-5 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, nasal mucosa, and reduced mast cells, eosinophils, and Th2 cell populations. Furthermore, treatment with fRG reduced IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 levels in the colon and restored ovalbumin-suppressed Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria populations and ovalbumin-induced Firmicutes population in gut microbiota. Treatment with ginsenoside Rd significantly alleviated ovalbumin-induced AR in mice. Conclusion: fRG and ginsenoside Rd may alleviate AR by suppressing IgE, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 expression and restoring the composition of gut microbiota.

• Honam Mathematical Journal
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.259-265
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• 2009

Let $\mathcal{L}$ be a subspace lattice on a Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$. Let x and y be vectors in $\mathcal{H}$ and let $P_x$ be the projection onto sp(x). If $P_xE$ = $EP_x$ for each E ${\in}\;\mathcal{L}$, then the following are equivalent. (1) There exists an operator A in Alg$\mathcal{L}$ such that Ax = y, Af = 0 for all f in $sp(x)^{\perp}$ and A ${\geq}$ 0. (2) sup ${\frac{{\parallel}E^{\perp}y{\parallel}}{{\parallel}E^{\perp}x{\parallel}}:E{\in}\mathcal{L}}$ < ${\infty}$ < x, y > ${\geq}$ 0. Let X and Y be operators in $\mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H})$. Let P be the projection onto $\overline{rangeX}$. If PE = EP for each E ${\in}\;\mathcal{L}$, then the following are equivalent: (1) sup ${\frac{{\parallel}E^{\perp}Yf{\parallel}}{{\parallel}E^{\perp}Xf{\parallel}}:f{\in}\mathcal{H},E{\in}\mathcal{L}}$ < ${\infty}$ and < Xf, Yf > ${\geq}$ 0 for all f in H. (2) There exists a positive operator A in Alg$\mathcal{L}$ such that AX = Y.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.20 no.1_2
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• pp.479-483
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• 2006

For any fixed $\lambda\leq-\frac{1}{2}$, there exists $f(\eta){\in}C^1[0,+\infty)$ which satisfies the following nonlinear boundary value problem f'+ff'+$\lambda(l-f'^2)=0$ a.e.in $(0,+\infty)$, f(0)=0, f'(0) = 0, $f'(+\infty)=1$, which arises in boundary layer theory in fluid mechanics.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.44-50
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• 2001

The rotated bending fatigue test was conducted in air md in 3.5% NaCl salt solution to investigate the fatigue fracture behaviour of raw material and F.E.M dual phase steel made from raw material(SS41) by a suitable heat treatment. This study has compared the initial microcrack creation of material by tensile test with that by fatigue test. And the rotated bending test of cantilever type under the condition of 3.5% NaCl salt solution and air has investigated the corrosion fatigue fracture behaviour with the variation of stress concentration factor determined by each of notch shapes. The initial microcrack have been developed in fragile grainboundary with general corrosion occurring in raw material : in the pits built up by corrosion in F.E.M. dual phase steel because pits bring out stress concentration. It is small that the degree of decrease in corrosion fatigue life for F.E.M. dual phase steel compared with raw material because the notch sensitivity of F.E.M. dual phase steel is lower than raw material in reason of characteristics with two-phase construction.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.411-423
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• 2013

For any $p{\in}(1,2)$ and arbitrary $f{\in}L^p(\mathbb{R}^2)$ with compact support, it is proved that there exists a pair (L, $u$), with L second order uniformly elliptic operator and $u{\in}W_0^{2,p}(\mathbb{R}^2)$ such that $Lu=f$ a.e. in $\mathbb{R}^2$.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.1759-1776
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• 2015

We determine the general solution of the generalized additive-quartic functional equation f(x + 3y) + f(x - 3y) + f(x + 2y) + f(x - 2y) + 22f(x) - 13 [f(x + y) + f(x - y)] + 24f(y) - 12f(2y) = 0 without assuming any regularity conditions on the unknown function f : ${\mathbb{R}}{\rightarrow}{\mathbb{R}}$ and its stability is investigated.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.543-555
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• 2019

In this paper, we give some results on ${\frac{zf^{\prime}(z)}{f(z)}}$ for the certain classes of holomorphic functions in the unit disc $E=\{z:{\mid}z{\mid}<1\}$ and on ${\partial}E=\{z:{\mid}z{\mid}=1\}$. For the function $f(z)=z^2+c_3z^3+c_4z^4+{\cdots}$ defined in the unit disc E such that $f(z){\in}{\mathcal{A}}_{\alpha}$, we estimate a modulus of the angular derivative of ${\frac{zf^{\prime}(z)}{f(z)}}$ function at the boundary point b with ${\frac{bf^{\prime}(b)}{f(b)}}=1+{\alpha}$. Moreover, Schwarz lemma for class ${\mathcal{A}}_{\alpha}$ is given. The sharpness of these inequalities is also proved.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.1326-1331
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• 2003

Thick PZT films are required for the cases of micro actuators and sensors with high driving force, high breakdown voltage and high sensitivity, and so on. In this work, thick PZT films were fabricated by Sol-Gel multi-coating method. Total 8 types of samples using thick PZT films with thicknesses, about $1{\mu}m$ and $2{\mu}m$, and Pt top electrodes shapes for measuring transverse piezoelectric coefficient ($e_{31,f}$) were fabricated using MEMS processes. They were characterized by fabricated e31,f measurement system before and after poling. $e_{31,f}$ values of samples after poling were higher than before poling. Those of $2{\mu}m$ thick PZT films were also higher than $1{\mu}m$ thick PZT films. And those with long electrodes as top electrodes were also higher than shorter.

• Proceedings of the Korean Magnestics Society Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.204-205
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• 2003

Nano 결정립 N $d_2$F $e_{l4}$B+F $e_3$B 복합상 자성 리본은 Extractive melt spinner의 wheel speed를 달리하여 제조하였다. 초기 조성은 N $d_4$F $e_{77.5}$ $B_{18.5}$이고, 이후 제조한 자성 리본의 자기특성은 VSM 및 AGM(Alternating gradient magnetometer)으로 측정하였다. wheel speed 1500rpm, $650^{\circ}C$에서 10분간 열처리한 자성 리본에서 $B_{r}$ = 11.73 kG, $_{i}$ $H_{c}$ = 3.082 kOe, (BH)$_{max}$ = 12.28 MGOe의 자기특성이 나타났다. 이러한 자기특성 원인 규명을 위해 $\delta$M plot과 뫼스바우어 분광학을 사용하였다. $\delta$M plot을 통해 exchange coupling은 초미세립 복합상의 잔류자속밀도에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 뫼스바우어 분광학을 통해 경자성상(N $d_2$F $e_{l4}$B)과 연자성상 F $e_3$B의 부피분율비가 7:3 정도일 때 가장 최적의 자기특성을 발현하였다. 이 경우에 초미세립 복합상의 상호작용력이 가장 크게 발현하는 것으로 판단된다.단된다..된다..된다..

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.991-1001
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• 2015

In this work we obtain conditions for nonspecial line bundles on general ${\kappa}$-gonal curves failing to be normally generated. Let L be a nonspecial very ample line bundle on a general ${\kappa}$-gonal curve X with ${\kappa}{\geq}4$ and $deg\mathcal{L}{\geq}{\frac{3}{2}}g+{\frac{g-2}{{\kappa}}}+1$. If L fails to be normally generated, then L is isomorphic to $\mathcal{K}_X-(ng^1_{\kappa}+B)+R$ for some $n{\geq}1$, B and R satisfying (1) $h^0(R)=h^0(B)=1$, (2) $n+3{\leq}degR{\leq}2n+2$, (3) $deg(R{\cap}F){\leq}1$ for any $F{\in}g^1_k $. Its converse also holds under some additional restrictions. As a corollary, a very ample line bundle $\mathcal{L}{\simeq}\mathcal{K}_X-g^0_d+{\xi}^0_e$ is normally generated if $g^0_d{\in}X^{(d)}$ and ${\xi}^0_e{\in}X^{(e)}$ satisfy $d{\leq}{\frac{g}{2}}-{\frac{g-2}{\kappa}}-3$, supp$(g^0_d{\cap}{\xi}^0_e)={\phi}$ and deg$(g^0_d{\cap}F){\leq}{\kappa}-2$ for any $F{\in}g^1_k$.