• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.73-83
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• 2014

The objective of the this study was to investigate the binding capacity and removal ability of lactic acid bacterial strains obtained from Korean soybean paste for mutagenic heterocyclic amines (HCAs) formed during cooking of protein-rich food at high temperature. Among 19 strains identified by carbohydrate fermentation and 16S rRNA sequencing, the live cell or cell-free culture supernatant of Lactobacillus acidophilus D11, Enterococcus faecium D12, Pediococcus acidilactici D19, L. acidophilus D38, Lactobacillus sakei D44, Enterococcus faecalis D66, and Lactobacillus plantarum D70 inhibited the mutagenesis caused by either 3-amino-1,4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b] indole (Trp-P-1) or 3-amino-1-methyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b] indole (Trp-P-2) in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100. The bacterial cells of the isolated strains showed greater binding activity than the pure cell wall, exopolysaccharide, and pepetidoglycan. The carbohydrate moieties of the cell wall or protein molecules on the cell surface have a significant role in binding Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2, since protease, heating, sodium metaperiodate, or acidic pH treatments significantly (P<0.05) reduced the binding efficacy of the tested bacteria. Addition of metal ions or sodium dodecyl sulfate decreased the binding ability of E. faecium D12, L. acidophilus D38, and E. faecalis D66. Therefore, the binding mechanisms of these strains may consist of ion-exchange and hydrophobic bonds. Especially, the high mutagen binding by L. acidophilus D38 and L. plantarum D70 may reduce the accumulation or absorption of Trp-P-1 and Trp-P-2 in the small intestine via increased excretion of a mutagen-bacteria complex.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of Pruns mume, Schisandra chinensis, Chaenomeles sinensis-- Prunus mume mixtrue (PM) treatment on colitis induced in mice by dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment. A total of 25 male BALB/c mice (average weight $20.7\;{\pm}\; 1.6 \;g$) were divided into 5 treatment groups and fed a commercial diet (A), PM administration (B), commercial diet + induced colitis by DSS (C), PM administration + induced colitis by DSS (D) and sulfasalazine + induced colitis by DSS (E). We found that PM treatment (D) and sulfasalazine (E) decreased the expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ and COX-2 compared to the DSS-induced colitis group (C). The expression of IL-4, STAT6, $IFN-{\gamma}$, STAT1 was decreased in group D and group E compared to the colitis group (C), COX-2 and STAT1 were more decreased in group D. The serum IgE levels decreased in the PM treatment groups (C and D) compared to the non-PM treatment groups (A and B) although there was no significant difference between the PM treatment groups. It is notable that a therapeutic application of the PM extracts ameliorated DSS-induced colitis in mice.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.13-34
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• 2007

Objectives The purpose of this study is to examine of the effect of SPAR medicines on the atopy eruption control Methods This experiment is about the expression of IgE, IL-4, IL-6, IL_13, IgM, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG1 level in serum, and $IFN-{\gamma}$ production by SPAR medicines. We assayed for $CD3e^+/CD69^+$, $CD044^+/CD19^+$ positive cells by flow cytometry in splenocytes and observed the revelation of $CD3e^+/CD69^+$, $CD4^+/CD8^+$, $CD44^+/CD19^+$ marker in PBMC, spleen and DLN. We also observed the outturn of IL-4, IL-5, CCR3, $IFN-{\gamma}$ in skin of a NC/Nga mice. We also analyzed NC/Nga mice's ear and neck-back skin after biopsy and dye by H&E staining method, measured about epidermis and dermis part in comparison with control group. Results SPAR medicines as treatment result to a NC/Nga mice, clinical skin severity score decreased remarkably than the ontrol group. Specially, experiment was results by measuring IgE and IL-6 content in serum 8 weeks, 10 weeks, 12 weeks, 16 weeks, 20 weeks respectively, and it was decreased remarkably than the control group. After experiment ended, the result that observed the revelation CD3e, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD69, CD11a marker in lymph node establishment were observed and that B/T rate becomes recover as normal with political background. In addition to that, the control group was decreased in the measured value of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IgM, IgG2a, IgG1's level in serum, and $IFN-{\gamma}$' production secreted in Th1 cell displayed increase by SPAR medicines. IL-4, IL-5, CCR3, and $IFN-{\gamma}$'s gene revelation amount displayed marked decrease than the control group in result that observe effect that get in skin of a NC/Nga dermatitis mouse. Moreover in culture supernatant which cultivate for 14 days after separate skin cell, IL-13 and IL-6 production, and $CD69^+/CD3e^+$, $CD44^+/CD19^+$ expression cell number was decreased than the control group's number. Course inflammation immunocyte permeated of result that effect that SPAR medicines get to NC/Nga mice's skin establishment analyzes ear and neck-back skin after biopsy, and dye by H&E method decreased about epidermis and inflammation of dermis part remarkably than the control group. Conclusions Th1 cell and Th2 cell observe to be shifted by secretion amount of IL-4 and $IFN-{\gamma}$ by SPAR medicines could know that SPAR medicines can be use for treatung allergy autoimmune disease.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.16-22
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• 2010

Purpose : We aimed to investigate the clinical and phylogenetic characteristics of Escherichia coli Urinary Tract Infections (E. coli UTI). Methods : We enrolled patients with culture-proven E. coli UTI, who were admitted at the study hospital from September 2008 to August 2009. We investigated clinical data of patients with E. coli UTI and characteristics of isolated E. coli strains. The phylogenetic groups were classified using triplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the distribution of nine virulent genes was determined by multiplex PCR. Results : A total of 47 patients have participated in this study. Thirty (63.8%) were under 6 months; eight (17.0%) were between 6-12 months; and nine (19.1%) were over 12 months. We compared two age groups between under 6-month and over 6-month. In the age group under 6-month, higher proportion of male (P =0.002) and group B2 strains (P =0.020) were observed. In contrast, higher proportion of female and group non-B2 strains were observed in age group over 6-month. Frequencies of papC, papGII, papGIII, sfa/foc, hlyC, cnf1, fyuA, iroN and iucC were estimated as 68.1%, 57.4%, 42.6%, 46.8%, 46.8%, 31.9%, 87.2%, 48.9% and 63.8%, respectively. In the comparison of phylogenetic groups, group B2 showed higher distribution of virulent genes, while group D included more strains resistant to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ) than other groups. Conclusion : We showed the age group-specific difference in the distribution of sex ratios and phylogenetic groups; more male and group B2 strains in age group under 6-month, while more female and group non-B2 in age group over 6-month. However, further evaluation including larger number of patients will be necessary to confirm above thesis in future molecular epidemiological studies.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.65-73
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• 2023

Background: Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a significant visual disease that induces impaired vision and irreversible blindness in the elderly. However, the effects of ginseng berry extract (GBE) on the retina have not been studied. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the protective effects of GBE on blue light (BL)-induced retinal damage and elucidate its underlying mechanisms in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19 cells) and Balb/c retina. Methods: To investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of GBE on retinal damage in vitro, we performed cell viability assay, pre-and post-treatment of sample, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and western immunoblotting using A2E-laden ARPE-19 cells with BL exposure. In addition, Balb/c mice were irradiated with BL to induce retinal degeneration and orally administrated with GBE (50, 100, 200 mg/kg). Using the harvested retina, we performed histological analysis (thickness of retinal layers), qRT-PCR, and western immunoblotting to elucidate the effects and mechanisms of GBE against retinal damage in vivo. Results: GBE significantly inhibited BL-induced cell damage in ARPE-19 cells by activating the SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway, regulating NF-kB translocation, caspase 3 activation, PARP cleavage, expressions of apoptosis-related factors (BAX/BCL-2, LC3-II, and p62), and ROS production. Furthermore, GBE prevented BL-induced retinal degeneration by restoring the thickness of retinal layers and suppressed inflammation and apoptosis via regulation of NF-kB and SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway, cleavage of caspase 3 and PARP, and expressions of apoptosis-related factors in vivo. Conclusions: GBE could be a potential agent to prevent dry AMD and progression to wet AMD.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.367-375
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• 2011

For this study, Korean-type Koumiss was made by the fermentation of mixed cultures, in which yeast, Kuyveromyces, and microflora, Streptococcus thermophiles and Lactobacillus bulgaricus, were inoculated into 10% skimmed milk with added whey powder(control: A, 2%: B, 4%: C, 6%: D, and 8%: E). Fat, protein, lactose, titratable acidity, pH, the number of lactic acid bacteria, the number of yeast, alcohol content, volatile fatty acids, volatile free amino acids and minerals were measured in the products. The results were as follows: As the dosage of whey powder increased, fat increased from 0.74% in the control to 2.30% in sample E, protein increased from 2.95% in the control to 4.39% in sample E and lactose increased from 3.10% in the control to 7.43% in sample E. Titratable acidity and pH increased gradually. The number of lactic acid bacteria increased from $10^9\;cfu/m{\ell}$ in the control to $3.8{\times}10^9\;cfu/m{\ell}$ in sample E, and the number of yeast increased from $6.1{\times}10^7\;cfu/m{\ell}$ in the control to $1.65{\times}10^8\;cfu/m{\ell}$ in sample E, according to the increase of whey powder content. For alcohol content, the average values were 0.863%, 0.967%, 0.890%, 1.290%, and 1.313% for the control and samples B, C, D, and E, respectively. As the dosage of whey powder increased, alcohol content showed a tendency to gradually increase. The average alcohol content of E was 1.313 and this was higher than the alcohol content of Kazahstana-type Koumiss with 1.08%. Sixteen types of free amino acids were detected. Glycine was the lowest in the control at $0.38mg/m{\ell}$ and sample E contained $0.64mg/m{\ell}$. Histidine was also low in the control at $0.42mg/m{\ell}$ and sample E contained $0.65mg/m{\ell}$. On the other hand, glutamic acid was highest at $4.13mg/m{\ell}$ in the control whereas sample E had $6.96mg/m{\ell}$. Proline was also high in the control at $1.71mg/m{\ell}$ in control, but E contained $2.80mg/m{\ell}$. Aspartic acid and leucine were greater in sample E than in the control. For volatile free fatty acids, content generally had a tendency to increase in the control, and samples B, C, D, and E. Content of acetic acid gradually increased from $12,661{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$ in the control to $37,140{\mu}g/m{\ell}$ in sample E. Butyric acid was not detected in the control and was measured as $1,950{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$ in sample E. Caproic acid content was $177{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$ in the control and $812{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$ in sample E, and it increased according to the increase of whey powder content. Valeric acid was measured in a small amount in the control as $22{\mu}g/100m{\ell}$, but it was not detected in any other case. Mineral contents of Ca, P, and Mg increased from 1,042.38 ppm, 863.61 ppm, and 101.28 ppm in the control to 1,535.12 ppm, 1,336.71 ppm, and 162.44 ppm in sample E, respectively. Na content was increased from 447.19 ppm in the control to 1,001.57 ppm in sample E. The content of K was increased from 1,266.39 ppm in the control to 2,613.93 ppm in E. Mineral content also increased with whey powder content. In sensory evaluations, the scores increased as whey powder content increased. Flavor was lowest in the control with 6.3 points and highest in E with 8.2 points. Body and texture were highest at 4.2 points in the control, which did not have added whey powder. In the case of appearance, there were no great differences among the samples.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.70-76
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• 2011

Bone remodeling is a dynamic process involving a constant balance between osteoclast-induced bone resorption and osteoblast-induced bone formation. Osteoclasts play a crucial homeostatic role in skeletal modeling and remodeling, and destroy bone in many pathological conditions. Previously, we reported that the hexane soluble fraction of Ficus carica inhibited osteoclast differentiation. Poly unsaturated fatty acids, such as ethyl docosahexaenoate (E-DHA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), cis-11,14-eicosadienoic acid (EDA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), were identified from the hexane soluble fraction of Ficus carica. Among them, E-DHA most potently inhibited osteoclastogenesis in RAW264.7 cells. E-DHA reduced the activities of JNK and NF-$\kappa}B$. E-DHA suppressed the expression of c-Fos and nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1). Interestingly, DHA increased the activity of alkaline phosphatase and expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) more than E-DHA in MC3T3-E1 cells, suggesting that DHA may induce osteoblast differentiation. The data suggests that a combination of E-DHA and DHA has potential use in the treatment of diseases involving abnormal bone lysis, such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal bone erosion.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.154-158
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• 2000

Crystallographic and magnetic properties of the Co and Ti-doped BaF $e_{12-2x}$ $Co_{x}$ $Ti_{x}$ $O_{19}$(0.0$\leq$x$\leq$1.0) system have been investigated by means of x-ray diffractometry, Mossbauer spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The structure of the system was found to be the magnetoplumbite structure, and the lattice parameter a is nearly constant and c increase as the doped Co-Ti contents increasing. We found that the saturation magnetization nearly unchanged but the coercivity rapidly decreased between x = 0.0 and x = 0.2 with increasing x in BaF $e_{12-2x}$ $Co_{x}$ $Ti_{x}$ $O_{19}$. From the Mossbauer spectra analysis Co-Ti ions prefer 12k, 4 $f_{vi}$ and 2b sites.tes.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2005

This research was conducted to determine the effect of fertilization programs on crop growth, nutrient uptake and yield of strawberry and salt accumulation in PE film house soil. To achieve these, experiments were conducted through two years with various fertilization program such as traditional fertilization(A), recommended fertilization of Rural development administration (B), Tochigi prefectural experiment station (C) and Nonsan strawberry experiment station (D), and control (E). In 1st year, statistical differences in growth characteristics were not observed among treatments except (E). Yield per 10 was the highest in (D) followed by (A), (B), (C) and (E) and there was the statistical difference between (D) and (E). In the 2nd year experiment, growth characteristics and yield showed similar trends to those of 1st year experiment. In the results of soil analysis of 2nd year, the soil pH of all treatments were in the acceptable range, while electrical conductivity of (A) and (D) were 2.36 and 2.19 %$dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$, respectively. After finishing of strawberry cultivation, nitrate concentration in soil solution of (A) and (D) were 74.6 and 65.0%$mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ and Na in those were 3.71 and 3.53 $cmol+kg^{-1}$, respectively. Above results indicated that (A) and (D) were good fertilization program for strawberry cultivation, but those also resulted in accumulation of $NO_{3-}N$ and Na in PE house soil.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-27
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• 2011

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Yijungtang(YJT) on atopic dermatitis in an in-vitro and in-vivo experiment using a RBL-2H3 mast cells and a NC/Nga atopic dermatitis mouse. Methods: In-vitro experiment, IL-4, IL-13 mRNA expression were evaluated by a real-time PCR, IL-4, IL-13 production by ELISA and transcription factor as GATA-1, GATA-2, NF-AT1, NF-AT2, AP-1 and NF-kB by western blotting. In-vivo experiment, clinical skin score we evaluated by, hematology and Serum total IgE and IgG1 of NC/Nga atopic dermatitis mouse, cytokine level, total number of cell, Immunohistochemical staining and Histological features of auxiliary lymph node(ALN), draining lymph node(DLN), peripheral blood mononuclear cells(PBMCs) and dorsal skin tissue in NC/Nga mouse. Results: YJT decreased IL-4, IL-13 mRNA expression, IL-4, IL-13 production and prominently decreased the expression of mast cell specific transcription factors including GATA-2, NF-AT2, c-Fos and NF-kB. YJT oral administration reduced the levels of skin severity scores. It also decreased the level of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-5, IL-13, histamine and IgE in the serum. It elevated IFN-gamma level in the spleenocyte culture supernatant but decreased. $CD3e^+$, $CD19^+$, $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$, $CD3e^+CD69^+$, $CD11b^+Gr-1^+$, $CCR3^+$ in the PBMCs, $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$, $CD3e^+CD69^+$, $B220^+CD23^+$ in the ALN, $CD4^+$, $CD3e^+CD69^+$ in the ALN and $CD4^+$, $CD11b^+Gr-1^+$ in the dorsal skin. Histological examination showed that infiltration levels of immune cells in the skin of AD-induced NC/Nga mice were much improved by YJT oral administration. Conclusions: The anti-allergic activities of YJT may be mediated by down-regulation of Th2 cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-13, through the regulation GATA-2, NF-AT2 and NF-kB transcription factors in mast cells. YJT would be regulate molecular mediators and immune cells which are functionally associated with atopic dermatitis induced in NC/Nga mice, and may play an important role in recovering AD symptoms.