• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.443-449
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities of extracts from various seaweed. The extracts of $Sargassum$ $thunbergii$ (91.3%), $Polysiphonia$ $morrowii$ (90.7%), $Ecklonia$ $cava$ (89.9%), and $Artemisia$ $fukudo$ (85.9%) showed over 80% high radical scavenging activities at the final concentration of 40 ${\mu}g$/mL. The $Artemisia$ $fukudo$ extract showed the highest inhibition activity of 30.2% on AChE at the final concentration of 10 ${\mu}g$/mL. The extract of $Porphyra$ $tenera$, $Costaria$ $costata$, $Monostroma$ $nitidum$, $Ecklonia$ $cava$, and $Agarum$ $clathratum$ against AChE at a concentration of 10 ${\mu}g$/mL exhibited inhibition of 26.6%, 25.3%, 23.4%, 21.7%, 20.4% and 19.9%, respectively. The bioautography results showed that the mixtures of structurally diverse compounds were thought to affect AChE inhibitory activity. These results suggest that extracts from seaweed with their high quality components may be effective in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease and may be used to develop various functional food products.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.751-759
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• 2012

Microbulbifer sp. was used to acquire the degrading products from Ecklonia cava (DPEC) and the products were investigated to determine the physiological activities. Firstly, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay were about 84.1% and 89.6% at 2.5 mg/ml, respectively. In addition, nitrite scavenging ability was shown to be 56.3% at 0.5 mg/ml on pH 1.2. ${\alpha}$-Glucosidase inhibitory activity was increased in a dose-dependent manner and was about 58.7% at 2.5 mg/ml. To determine the influence of DPEC on alcohol metabolism, the generating activity of reduced-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) were measured. Facilitating rates of ADH and ALDH activities by DPEC were 123.3% and 215.2% at 2.5 mg/ml, respectively. For analyses of anti-wrinkling and whitening effects, its elastase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities were measured and were about 73.1% and 42.2% at 2.5 mg/ml, respectively. These results indicated that DPEC has valuable biological attributes owing to its antioxidant, nitrite scavenging, and alcohol metabolizing activities and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase, elastase, and tyrosinase inhibitory activities.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.195-205
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• 2011

Objectives : Ecklonia cava is brown alga(Laminariaceae) which grows is sea, it has antioxidant, diarrhea and anticoagulant effect. In this study, the effect of ethanol extract of Ecklonia cava (EC) on peptidoglycan(PGN) -induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells was investigated. Methods : In the present study, IL-6 production was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA), prostaglandin $\E_2$($\PGE_2$) production was measured using the EIA kit, and inducible NO synthase(iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2), and mitogen-activated protein kinase(MAPK) activation, as determined by western blot analysis and reverse transcription -polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR). Results : EC inhibited PGN-induced NO and IL-6 production. Consistent with these observations, the protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 were inhibited by EC. Moreover, EC suppressed the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK) 1/2 in PGN-induced RAW 264.7. Conclusions : These results suggest that EC has inhibitory effects on PGN-induced $\PGE_2$, NO, and IL-6 production, as well as the expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in the murine macrophage. These inhibitory effects occur through blockades on the MAPKs phosphorylation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1139-1145
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• 2006

In this study, antioxidant activities of enzymatic and methanolic extracts from E. cava stem and leave were evaluated by measuring the scavenging activities on 1,1 diphenyl 2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide and the inhibitory effects on DNA damage induced by oxidative stress of cells. Enzymatic extracts were prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of both stem and leave using food grade five different carbohydrases (Viscozyme, Celluclast, AMG, Termamyl, Ultraflo) and five proteases (Protamex, Kojizyme, Neutrase, Flavourzyme, Alcalase). The enzymatic extracts were lower than methanolic extracts in polyphenol contents, but higher in extraction yield by approximately 30%. The enzymatic extracts were superior to methanolic extracts in DPPH and H2O2 scavenging activities and DNA damage protective effect. There were no significant antioxidant activity difference between stem and leave, but the extracts of leave were relatively better than those of stem. In this study it is suggested that E. cava stem as well as its leave would be a good raw materials for antioxidants compound extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis would be a good strategy to prepare antioxidant extracts from seaweeds.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.1640-1647
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• 2010

Seaweeds have been recognized as a health food, having anti-obesity, anti-constipation and anticoagulation activities, and the use of seaweeds in the food, medicine, and cosmetic industries have recently significantly increased. In this study, methanol extracts were prepared from 35 different seaweeds (17 phaeophyta, 11 rhodophyta and 7 chlorophyta), and thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were determined in order to develop safe and novel anticoagulation agents from natural products. In TT experiments, Ecklonia cava, Ecklonia stolonifera, Eisenia bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell, Ishige foliacea, I. okamurai, Sargassum confusum and S. yamade showed strong thrombin inhibition activity among the 35 different seaweeds. In PT experiments, the inhibitions of prothrombin were identified in the selected seaweeds from TT experiment, with the exception of S. yamade. In aPTT experiments, the seaweeds with blood coagulation inhibition factors were E. cava, E. stolonifera, E. bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell, I. foliacea, I. okamurai, S. confusum and Hixikia fusiforme Okamura. Further anticoagulation assay with the selected 8 seaweeds suggested that S. confusum is most effective in antithrombosis, and E. stolonifera, E. bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell, and I. foliacea have high potential as antithrombosis agents. Based on components-activity correlation analysis, flavonoids are considered as active anticoagulation components of seaweeds These results suggest that edible seaweeds, especially S. confusum, have potential as safe and novel anticoagulants, and S. yamade and H. fusiforme Okamura could be used as a thrombin-specific and coagulation factor-specific inhibitors.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.581-586
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• 1998

The present study was conducted to prepare seaweed extracts suppressing mutagenic activity of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridine ( PhIP ) ana 2-amino-3,8-dimethylmidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx) derived from cooked meat produce. The tumor initiation activity of PhIP and MeIQx was assayed with Ames method using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 in the presence of S-9 mixtures before and after addition of methanol-solubles of seaweed, such as, Phaeophyta; Undaria pinnatifida, Ecklonia stolonifera Ecklonia cava, Laminaia japonica Sargassum fulvellum, Sargassum hornezi, Sargassum miyabei, Sargassum thunbergii, Agarum cribrosum and Hizikia fusifomis, Rhodophpei Porphyra yezoensis, Grateloupia eiliptiut Lomentraria catenata, Ploemium telfairiae and Glarilaria verrucosa, Chlorophyta; Codium fragile, Enteromorpha compresa and Ulva pertusa. Among seaweed tested, Phaeophyta was shown the higher desmutagenic activity than Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta. E. stolonifera, E. cava and S. miyabei, among Phaeophyta exerted the stronger desmutagenic activity (above $90\%$/2 mg). The ethyl acetate, diethyl ether and chlomform extracts except water extracts from E. stolonifera exhibited a high desmutagenic activity. The ethyl acetate extract of E. stolonifera which showed highest activity was fractionated with Sephadex LH20 column chromatography to give active fraction A-7, which showed desmutagenicity of $90\%$/mg against PhIP and $80\%$/mg against MeIQx. The active fraction had the absorbance at 207.7 and 232nm.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 1969

The present investigations were carried out with the purpose of making clear the fundamental features of the seasonal variations in chemical composition of the brown algae. Three species of samples, Ecklonia cava, Sargassum sagamianum and Hizikia fusiforme have been analyzed monthly for their contents of total ash, crude protein, alginic acid, mannitol, and laminarin over a year period. Three kinds of samples were collected from the same locality, situated on the southern coast of the Che-ju Island, from September 1966 to August 1967. In addition, the comparative analysis was made on fronds and stipes of the plant for their chemical composition. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1, In general, the three species examined underwent a similar mode of seasonal variation, and no essential difference was detected among them. 2. The chemical composition of the plant exhibited a considerable difference between the species. The content of total ash in H. fusiforme was remarkably higher than those in the two other species respectively. The alginic acid content was relatively high in S. sagamianum and low in H. fusiforme. The contents of crude protein, mannitol and laminarin were appreciably high in E. cava and low in H. fusiforme in general. 3. The most outstanding feature in the seasonal variation was that, in general, the total ash, crude protein, and alginic acid contents were at a maximum in the winter months while laminarin and mannitol contents were at a minimum. The converse was true in summer. Total ash-Maximum values were observed from December to February and minimum from August till October. Crude Protein-All species exhibited maxima in January and February, and minima from August to October. Alginic acid-Maximum contents occured from January to March and minimum from September to November. Mannitol-The maximum content of mannitol was In May and lune and minimum in January, February and March. Leminerin-Maximum content was in September and October, and minimum in January and February. 4. The wide seasonal variation in chemical constitution occured in the fronds, but the stipes showed a slight seasonal variation. In the chemical composition, the stipe was high in alginic acid, low in mannitol and laminarin. The reverse was in the frond.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.262-277
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• 2018

We seasonally examined marine macroalgal community structures and ocean environmental characteristics in subtidal zones at five sites on and around Jeju Island, Korea, from February 2013 to November 2015. A total of 186 macroalgal species were identified, including 18 green, 33 brown, and 135 red algae. During the study period, the number of species was highest at Gapado Island (125 species) followed by Bukchon (123 species), Sagye (122 species), Sinheung (122 species) and Sinchang (97 species). Ecklonia cava, Peyssonnelia caulifera, Synarthrophyton chejuense, Corallina aberrans and Corallina crassisima occurred at all study sites and in all seasons. The average annual biomass of seaweed was $1,125.10g\;wet\;wt./m^2$ and ranged from $899.77g/m^2$ at Sinheung to $1,452.00g/m^2$ at Gapado. A brown alga E. cava was the most dominant species, accounting for 49.84% ($560.78g/m^2$) of the total seaweed biomass. Subdominant species were C. aberrans and C. crassissima, comprising 6.83% ($76.79g/m^2$) and 5.98% ($67.28g/m^2$) of total biomass, respectively. Cluster analysis revealed three distinct groups: the Sagye/Sinheung group (group A), the Bukchon/Sinchang group (group B), and the Gapado group (group C), indicating significantdifferences in macroalgal communities between sites.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.506-512
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• 2009

The antimicrobial activity of water and ethanol extracts from 30 species of algae was measured using the agar diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. In agar diffusion method, the 95% ethanol extracts from 12 of the algae showed growth inhibition against the tested microorganisms. In particular, Ishige okamurai, Ecklonia stolonifera, Sargassum siliquastrum, Sargassum thunbergii, Colpomenia bullosa, and Ecklonia cava had strong antibacterial activities against Gram-positive bacteria at 4 mg/mL. In the results of the MIC test, S. siliquastrum showed the most antimicrobial activity, where its MIC values ranged from 0.005 to 0.0075% against Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium perfringens, and Basillus subtilis. In the thermal stability test, for the ethanol extracts of I. okamurai, E. cava, S. siliquastrum, S. thunbergii, and C. bullosa, the extracts proved to maintain high antimicrobial activities when they were treated at $121^{\circ}C$ for 15 min. In the pH stability test, the antimicrobial activity of the S. siliquastrum ethanol extract was stable from pH 2 to 10, whereas the activity of the other species ethanol extracts were weakened under pH 10 against several microbes.

• ALGAE
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.295-300
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• 2008

Seaweed biomass was estimated using a nondestructive method in the rocky subtidal zones in Munseom, Jeju Island, Korea from July 2006 to April 2008. Seasonal samplings were done at the depth of 1, 5, 10 m using 50 x 50 cm quadrat. Mean biomass was comprised of 2,784 g wet wt m$^{-2}$ and the biomass values varied seasonally from 1,176 g wet wt m$^{-2}$ to 4,217 g wet wt m$^{-2}$ with the highest point in April. Biomass reached maximum at 5 m depth in spring, but was shifted to 10 m depth in summer. Common seaweeds appeared year round in Munseom were Codium minus, Ecklonia cava, Sargassum spp., articulated corallines and Plocamium telfairiae. Among them, E. cava showed the highest biomass (average of 1,288 g wet wt m$^{-2}$), comprising 4% of total biomass. Only 12 species’' biomass covered 98% of total value, which indicated the contribution of few common species to algal community. Seaweed biomass in Munseom represented one of the highest values in coastal regions in Korea.