• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.137-143
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• 2005

Background: Millions of people in the world are suffering from atopic dermatitis (AD), which is a chronic inflammatory skin disease triggered by Th2 immune responses. The NC/Nga mouse is the most extensively studied animal model of AD. Like human AD, NC/Nga mice demonstrate increased levels of IgE, a hallmark of Th2 immune responses. Adaptive immunity cannot be generated without help of innate immunity. Especially natural killer T (NKT) cells and marginal zone B (MZB) cells have been known to play important roles in linking innate immunity to adaptive immunity. Methods: Through flow cytometric analysis and ELISA assay, we investigated whether these lymphocytes might be altered in number in NC/Nga mice. Results: Our data demonstrated that the number of NKT cells was reduced in NC/Nga mice and IFN${\gamma}$ production by NKT cells upon ${\alpha}-GalCer$ stimulation decreased to the levels of CD1d KO mice lacking in NKT cells. However, reduction of NKT cells in NC/Nga mice was not due to CD1d expression, which was normal in the thymus. Interestingly, there was a significant increase of $CD1d^{high}B220^+$ cells in the spleen of NC/Nga mice. Further, we confirmed that $CD1d^{high}B220^+$ cells are B cells, not dendritic cells. These $CD1d^{high}B220^+$ B cells show $IgM^{high}CD21^{high}CD23^{low}$, a characteristic phenotype of MZB cells. Conclusion: We provide the evidence that there are decreased activities of NKT cells and increased number of MZB cells in the NC/Nga mice. Our findings may thus explain why NC/Nga mice are susceptible to AD.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.44 no.8
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• pp.23-32
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• 2007

We propose a group-based security scheme for hierarchical wireless sensor networks. We model the network for secure routing with 3-tier sensor network comprised of three types of nodes: Base Station, Group Dominator and ordinary Sensor Nodes. Group-based deployment is performed using Gaussian (normal) distribution and show that more than 85% network connectivity can be achieved with the proposed model. The small groups with pre-shared secrets form the secure groups where group dominators form the backbone of the entire network. The scheme is devised for dealing with sensory data aggregated by groups of collocated sensors; i.e., local sensed data are collected by the dominating nodes and sent an aggregated packet to the base station via other group dominators. The scheme is shown to be light-weight, and it offers a stronger defense against node capture attacks. Analysis and simulation results are presented to defend our proposal. Analysis shows that robustness can significantly be improved by increasing the deployment density using both the dominating and/or ordinary sensor nodes.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.71 no.4
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• pp.278-281
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• 2011

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a complex clinical entity resulting from an allergic immune response to Aspergillus species, and most often occurs in patients with asthma. ABPA is rarely observed in the absence of asthma, which is, in fact, the principal criterion for its diagnosis. Our patient was a 53-year-old woman with no history of bronchial asthma. She presented with a 1-month history of cough, mucopurulent nasal discharge, and localized pulmonary consolidation. Peripheral blood eosinophilia and elevated serum IgE were observed. Sinus radiography showed right maxillary sinusitis. Pathologic examination of bronchoscopic biopsy specimens revealed conglomerates of fungal hyphae. Pulmonary function and bronchial provocation tests were within normal ranges. The patient was successfully treated for 3 months with itraconazole and oral prednisolone. There has been no evidence of recurrence over a 7-month follow-up. ABPA coupled with sinusitis in a nonasthmatic patient is a very rare occurrence and warrants reporting.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.44-50
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to investigate which of 4 positions produced the highest action potential in the rectus femoris muscle of normal adult subjects. Testing was performed in supine with the right leg performing a simple straight leg raise with the knee fully extended. The left leg, however, was placed in 4 different positions: 1. Full support with $0^{\circ}$ flexion. 2. Flexed on the plinth with $60^{\circ}$ knee flexion and foot flat. 3. Same as N0.2 but with $90^{\circ}$ knee flexion. 4. Left leg hanging over the end of the plinth with $90^{\circ}$ knee flexion, $0^{\circ}$ hip flexion and no foot support. This study was designed to compare the level of electromyographic activity of the rectus femoris under 4 positions. Fourty-three healthy young adults performed three trials of each exercise condition in random order in the supine position. Electromyographic activity was recorded from surface electrodes. Rectus femoris action potentials in all 4 positions were significantly different. The highest action potential at the end of movement of the right leg occurred with the left leg hanging over the end of the plinth with $90^{\circ}$ knee flexion. It is therefore recommended the straight leg raising be performed with the contralateral leg flexed at $90^{\circ}$ over the end of the supporting surface to obtain a maximum rectus femoris isometric contraction.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.38.3-39
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• 2016

We present the results of a search for Very Low-Luminosity Objects (VeLLOs) in the Gould Belt (GB) clouds using infrared and sub-millimeter (sub-mm) data from 1.25 to $850{\mu}m$ and our N2H+ (J = 1-0) observations. We modified the criteria by Dunham et al. to select the VeLLOs in the GB clouds, finding 95 VeLLO candidates, 79 of which are newly identified in this study. Out of 95 sources, 44 were detected in both sub-mm continuum and N2H+ emission and were classified as Group A (the VeLLOs), and 51 sources detected in either sub-mm emission or N2H+ emission were classified with Group B as candidate VeLLOs. We find that these VeLLOs and the candidates are forming in environments different from those of the likely VeLLOs. Seventy-eight sources are embedded within their molecular clouds, and thus are likely VeLLOs forming in a dense environment. The remaining 17 sources are located in low-level extinction regions (Av < 1) connected to the clouds, and can be either background sources or candidate substellar objects forming in an isolated mode. The VeLLOs and the candidates are likely more luminous and their envelopes tend to be more massive in denser environments. The VeLLOs and the candidates are more populous in the clouds where more YSOs form, indicating that they form in a manner similar to that of normal YSOs. The bolometric luminosities and temperatures of the VeLLOs are compared to predictions of episodic accretion models, showing that the low luminosities for most VeLLOs can be well explained by their status in the quiescent phases of a cycle of episodic mass accretion.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.11
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• pp.443-450
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of the oral mucosa pressure ulcer classification system based on the photographs. The study consisted of two stages; development and evaluation. In the developmental stage, 9 photographs of 82 were selected. In the evaluation stage, a total of 49 participants were invited web-based survey by e-mail. Cohen's weighted kappa and Krippendorff's alpha were used to define the inter-rater reliability. Nine photographs consisted of two, three, three, and one in normal, stage 1, stage 2, and stomatitis, respectively. The inter-rater reliabilities of wound care nurse specialist, intensive care nurse specialist, and dentist groups were 0.75, 0.70, and 0.78, respectively. The intra-rater reliability was 0.73. The inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities of the oral mucosa pressure ulcer classification system showed substantially good agreement.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.203-217
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• 2008

The number of Asian women immigrants in Korea is getting bigger and it's important to note that their communication problem in Korean causes not only the difficulty of adapting to Korean society but their children's speech-language disorder. To date there is little research on their acoustics characters and articulatory errors. Therefore, this study focuses on acoustic characters and articulatory error patterns of the women immigrants from Japan and Philippine based on the theory of "contrastive analysis". The subjects were 16 Japanese women immigrants(age: 42.5$\pm$4.4) and 14 Philippine women immigrants(age: 31.64$\pm$6.7) and control group consisted of 10 Korean women(age: 28.3$\pm$1.2). Speech and hearing of all subjects and control group were within normal limits. Speech samples were analyzed in a computer using CSL and data analysis was done on FFT widow for F1, F2, F3 of vowels and on wideband spectrogram for VOT of plosives and africatives. The results of this study were like this; For Japanese women immigrants, they had different articulatory patterns of /e/, /a/, /u/, /o/, /$\varepsilon$/, /m/ from those of Koreans and showed articulatory errors on the fortis and aspirated sounds. The reason is Japanese has only two distinctive characters for plosives and affricates; voicing and voiceless. The Philippine women immigrants also showed the same error patterns as the Japanese women immigrants. Especially the errors on aspirated sounds were prominent because their mother tongue has no distinctive characters about aspirated sounds. For vowels, they showed errors of /a/, /o/, /c/.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2006

The immunomodulatory effect of a new herbal preparation, HemoHIM, on the recovery from leukopenia induced by cyclophosphamide treatment was investigated. The HemoHIM was made up with an addition of the ethanol-insoluble fraction to the total water extract of Angelica Radix, Cnidii Rhizoma and Paeonia Radix. Daily oral administration of 100 mg/kg BW or 500 mg/kg BW HemoHIM accelerated the recovery from cyclophosphamide-induced leukopenia. HemoHIM increased the number of leukocytes and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood when compared with the cyclophosphamide-treated control. Moreover, the suppressed natural killer (NK) cell activity and interferon $(IFN)-{\gamma}$ secretion in the cyclophosphamide-treated mice were restored by the administration of HemoHIM. HemoHIM significantly reduced the abnormally heightened ratio of interleukin $(IL)-4/IFN-{\gamma}$ and immunoglobulin (Ig)E/IgG2a in the cyclophosphamide-treated mice. These results suggest that HemoHIM accelerates the recovery from leukopenia and alleviates the imbalanced T helper (Th)l/Th2 responses in the cyclophosphamide-treated mice. Additionally, HemoHIM was found to stimulate normal splenocytes to secrete not only Thl type cytokines such as $IFN-{\gamma}$ and IL-2, but also Th2 type cytokine IL-4. In conclusion, our results show that HemoHIM certainly has an influence on the balanced recovery of immune cells and the activation of their activities in the cyclophosphamide-treated mice.

• Journal of The Korean Association of Information Education
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.243-252
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• 2013

In this paper, we analyzed and suggested an educational strategy and features for project-based learning in smart learning environment. Smart learning environment is different of e-learning environment, therefore the educational strategy for smart learning is needed. In this paper, we conducted project-based learning for elementary school students in smart learning environment, and we analyzed the difference between a normal project-based learning and a project based learning in smart learning environment and suggested the educational strategy and the considerations through questionnaire, interview, and observation, Furthermore, we figured out factors that affected educational satisfaction of student. As a result, students thought that there is difference of smart project-based learning in some factors: technology and devices, software, and participation for learning. Also, we found main factors to affect educational satisfaction are two factors: technology and devices, and always-on.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.1-10
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• 2005

Objectives : The Present study was carried out to investigate the preventive effect of Anti-diabetic prescription 1(AD-1) on streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic nephropathy. Methods : AD-1 consists of eleven herbs that have an effect on diabetes mellitus. AD-1 was given to rats with the combination of oral administration and herbal-acupuncture stimulation. The experimental animals were divided into 3 groups : normal group of rats, control group of STZ-induced diabetic rats, sample group with AD-1 treatment. Experimental diabetes was induced by the injection of STZ(60mg/kg) to e rat via the peritoneum. The effect of AD-1 on STZ-induced diabetic nephropathy was observed by measuring the serum level of creatinine and BUN. Urine secretion of albumin for 24 hours and urine level of glucose measures too. Anti-oxidative stress of AD-1 administration in living body was estimated by measuring lipid peroxide and GSH content in cortex of kidneys. Results : STZ induced increase of serum creatinine, BUN and albumin secretion were lowered by AD-1 treatment. Conclusion : The AD-1 treatment showed protective effect on rat diabetic nephropathy model, and action mechanism of the effect was thought to be concerned with anti-oxidative stress.