• 대한수의학회지
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.878-895
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• 1999

Ischemic preconditioing (IPC), i.e., a preliminary brief episode of ischemia and reperfusion, has been shown to reduce the cell damage induced by long ischemia and reperfusion. Superoxide radical which is produced during reperfusion after ischemia was recognized as a factor of the ischemic injury and it is dismutated into $H_2O_2$ and $O_2$ by two types of intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD), Cu,Zn-SOD in cytoplasm and Mn-SOD in mitochondria. Recently oxygen free radicals are suggested to induce the apoptosis, however mechanism of the reduced apoptosis by ischemic preconditioing was unknown, while many studies performed in mammalian heart indicated that ATP-sensitive $K^+$ ($K_{APT}$) channel activation related with the protective effects. The aim of present study is to investigate 1) whether IP upregulate the Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD activities, and 2) whether ischemic preconditioning decreases apoptosis via $K_{APT}$ channel activation in timely reperfused skeletal muscle after long ishemia. The experimental animals, Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250~300g, were divided into 8 groups; 1) control group, 2) ischemic preconditioning only groups, 3) pinacidil, a $K_{APT}$ channel opener, treatment only groups, 4) glibenclamide, a $K_{APT}$ channel blocker, treatment only groups, 5) ischemia groups, 6) ischemia after IPC groups, 7) ischemia and pinacidil treatment groups, and 8) IP and ischemia after glibenclamide pretreatment groups. Animals of the control group were administered with the vehicle (DMSO) alone. Pinacidil (1mg/kg) was administered intravenously 5 minutes after initiation of ischemia, and glibenclamide (0.5mg/kg) was injected intravenously 20 minutes before IPC. In rats that were ischemic preconditioned, the left common iliac artery was occluded for 5 minutes followed by 5 minutes of reperfusion by three times using vascular clamp. Ischemia was done by occlusion of the same artery for 4 hours. The specimens of left rectus femoris muscle were obtained immediately (0 hour), 12 hours, 24 hours after drug administrations, IP or ischemia and reperfusion. The immunoreactivities of SOD and its alterations were observed by use of sheep antihuman Cu,Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD antibodies on the $10{\mu}m$ cryosections. The incidencies of apoptosis were observed by TUNEL methods with in situ apoptosis detection kit on $6{\mu}m$ paraffine section. The results obtained were as follows : 1. After IPC, immunoreactivities of Cu,Zn-SOD mainly in the small-sized fibers were increased by 24 hours, that of Mn-SOD at 0 hour and 24 hours. 2. No significant changes in immunoreactivities of SOD was observed in the pinacidil and in the glibenclamide treatment only groups, and in the ischemia only groups. 3. The immunoreactivities of the Cu,Zn-SOD were increased in the ischemia after IPC groups and the ischemia and pinacidil treatment groups. 4. The immunoreactivities of the Cu,Zn-SOD in the IPC and ischemia after glibenclamide pretreatment groups were not increased except for the 12 hours reperfusion group. But, Mn-SOD immunoreactivities were increased in the 0 hours, 12 hours and 24 hours after reperfusion. 5. In the control group, the IPC only groups, and the pinacidil treatment only groups, negative or trace apoptotic reactions were observed, but the positive apoptotic reaction occured in the glibenclamide treatment groups. 6. Moderate or many number of apoptosis were revealed in the ischemia groups, and also the IPC and ischemia after glibenclamide pretreatment group except for 12 hours and 24 hours after reperfusion. However, the incidence of apoptosis was decreased in the ischemia after IPC groups and in the ischemia and pinacidil treatment groups. 7. There is a coincidence between the increase of Cu,Zn-SOD immunoreactivities and the decrease of apoptosis in the presence of ischemia and reperfusion. These results suggest that the protective effects of ishemic preconditioing may related to the SOD activation, and the ischemic preconditioning decreases the apoptosis partially via $K_{APT}$ channel activation in timely reperfused rat skeletal muscle. It is also suggested that inhibition of apoptosis by IPC may related with the SOD activation.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.327-336
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• 1995

This study was carried out to develop the animal protein(feed for fry) that was isolated, purified and lyophilized the rumen ciliates from the healthy rumen contents which have $10^5-10^6/g$ ciliates and were discarded in abattoirs. The rumen ciliates are non-pathogenic, anaerobic and the weight of this protozoa is 2% of rumen content. The rumen protozoan and bacterial proteins both have a biological value for rats of 80-81, which is higher than the 72 of brewer's yeasts. Furthermore, the true digestibility and net protein utility of the protozoan protein are 91 and 73, much higher than those of bacterial(74 and 60) or yeast(84 and 60) proteins. The amino acids of rumen protozoa is nutritionally superior than the others. The size of rumen ciliates is $30-200{\times}20-110{\mu}m$ and so we had isolated and purified the rumen ciliates from the rumen contents by the physical methods. The purified rumen protozoa was lyophilized with freezing dryer. The results of this experiment were as follows : 1. Population dynamics of protozoan ciliates in slaughtered rumens; % of samples which small ciliates were predominated was 82.5%(52/63) and that of large ciliates was 17.5%(11/63). 1) predominant species of small ciliates were Entodinium ovinum and E nanellum. 2) predominant species of large ciliates were Epidinium ecaudatum and Diploplastron affine. 2. The lyophilized rumen ciliates which were isolated and purified from 1 kg of rumen content at the pH 6.2-6.8 was about 7.0 gram. 3. The nutrient analysis of lyophilized rqmen ciliates(LRC) was as follows: 1) Proximate analysis of the LRC and the composition of fry feed; moisture 8.05%(below 10.0), protein 35.37%(45), fat 5.39%(4.5), fiber 1.23%(below 2.5), ash 2.25%(below 15.0), Ca 0.26%(below 2.0), P 0.14%(below 1.1), energy 4,608.11(fish meal 5000 cal/g) 2) Amino acids (% in crude protein) of the LRC and the rotifer(Brachionus plicatilis); Arg 5.19%(4.50), His 2.50%(1.55), Ile 5.29%(3.45), Leu 8.11%(5.85), Lys 10.34%(6.15), Met 2.25% (0.85), Phe 5.66%(3.80), Thr 5.14% (3.45), Val 4.18%(3.90), Ala 4.13%(3.35), Asp 13.26%(8.25), Glu 16.62%(9.20), Gly 4.23%(3.10), Pro 3.25%(5.05), Ser 4.85%(3.85), Tyr 5.04%(3.05) 3) Fatty acids(% in fat) of the LRC and the rotifer(biological feed ; Brachionus plicatilis); myristic acid(C14:0) 3.27%(0.3), myristoleic acid(C14:1) 0.83%(-), palmitic acid(C16:0) 39.11% (23.5), palmitoleic acid(C16:1) 2.81%(2.0), stearic acid(C18:0) 9.36%(5.6), oleic acid(C18:1) 25.54%(3.5), linoleic acid(C18:2) 15.05%(32.9), linolenic acid(C18:3) 1.74%(9.8). Judging from the above investigated results, the analytical data of proximate analysis, amino acids, fatty acids of the purified and lyophilized rumen protozoa are reasonable for the feed of freshwater fishes(fry and fingerling). But it was disappointed of our expectation that the crude protein of lyophilized rumen ciliates contains low percentage, it was thought that because of the small ciliates(starch digester) in beef cattle rumens which were administered the concentrated feed, is much difficult to isolate and purify than the large ciliates(fiber digester).

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제46호
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• pp.113-140
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• 2016

변호인의 피의자신문 참여권이란 검사나 사법경찰관 등 수사기관이 피의자를 신문함에 있어서 변호인이 참여할 수 있는 권리를 말한다. 전문가인 변호인의 조력을 통하여 수사기관으로부터 받는 피의자의 심리적 압력을 완화시키고 수사기관의 위법한 행위를 감시하는 기능을 가지는 변호인의 피의자신문 참여권 보장은 그 후의 형사절차에서 피의자나 피고인의 방어권 보장을 위하여 중요한 의미를 가진다고 할 것이다. 우리나라에도 변호인의 조력을 보장해야 하는 권리를 "헌법"과 "형사소송법" 등에서 규정하고 있다. 즉, "헌법" 제12조 제4항은 "누구든지 체포 또는 구속을 당한 때에는 즉시 변호인의 조력을 받을 권리를 가진다. 다만, 형사피고인이 스스로 변호인을 구할 수 없을 때에는 법률이 정하는 바에 의하여 국가가 변호인을 붙인다"고 규정하고 있다. 또한 "형사소송법" 제34조는 신체 구속을 당한 피고인이나 피의자의 변호인 접견교통권을 보장하고 있다. 하지만 간첩, 테러리스트와 같은 안보위해사범들에게 일반 범죄자들과 동일하게 변호인 접견권을 보장해야 하는지는 고민해보아야 할 문제이다. 왜냐하면, 안보사범 사건과 일반형사사범의 사건은 근원적으로 차이가 있고, 역사적으로 안보사범 피의자 신문 시 변호인에 의한 수사방해 행위가 빈번하게 이루어져 왔기 때문이다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 효과적인 안보사범 수사를 위해 변호인 접견을 제한하는 정책적 제언을 하고자 한다. 이를 위해서 영국, 독일 등에서 이루어지는 변호인 접견과 관련된 법제도를 살펴보고, 수사절차 개선을 위해 한국에서 이루어진 대법원 결정과 헌법재판소 결정을 검토하여 개선방안을 도출해보고자 한다.

• 조형예술학연구
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• 제7권
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• pp.5-63
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• 2005

Generally, the meanings of destruction are related in the meaning of demolition, breakdown, into fragments ... and so on, and the similar meanings are twist, crush, demolish, split, cut, into pieces , break up ... etc. Further, it has related in the cruelty and destructive heart which are linked with orgy, Sadism, Necrophilia and so on. The meanings are also expressed by the initial , which are deprivation, deface, defame, deform, degrade, delegitimize, denounce , deride, destroy, devalue, as well as debase, debunk, declaim, declassify, decry, delete, denigrate, deprecate, despise or detract ...and so on. Dario Gamboni has discussed the meaning in his book as two categories Iconoclasm and Vandalism. And the similar meanings could be found in the words which has the initial of , like abase, abate, abhor, abjure, abolish, abridge, abuse ...and so on. Even though the distinct meanings of Iconoclasm and Vandalism, it is not easy to distinguish clearly between the differences when the results are accomplished in contemporary paintings because of the similarity of the results. In korean vocabulary there are no similar words to distinguish between the meanings of destruction and deconstruction, and the deconstruction is not recorded in the general dictionaries. However the meaning of is diminishing, separation, contrast and so on. So the unification of the word as do-construction is not construct, minus construction, reverse construction. And Vincent Ditch explained that there are the meaning of destroy the text. From Jacques Derrida, the deconstruction strategy is to criticise the world of traditional metaphysics and logocentrism, and not to reconstruire the philosophical meaning of texts but $d\'{e}construire$ them. And Saussure emphasized that the signifers could have more meaning that there can be more signified in traditional texts in the art. as a result, deconstruction is explained that there are many signified meanings in a signifer. In this thesis , from using the meanings of destruction and deconstruction, to distinguish the expressive skills in contemporary art works are arising. Therefore, special methods which are linked in the destruction styles are selected. As a result, the two different purposes of destruction is arising, one is enmity destruction and the other is self destruction another word, auto destruction or destruction to create The enmity destruction can be distinguished by the two category Iconoclasm and Vandalism. They come from the moment of different historical aspect is arising and want to attack the Icon or masterpiece this concept is from the study of John Philips and especially iconoclasm is linked with religious and artistic heart, but Vandalism is come from the political attack. Sometime, this distinguish is not clearly arising, because the two aspects are co-related in the attack. As a result, firstly, the Iconoclastic controversy had arisen in the methods of Dadaism which has developed by Man Ray, Francis Picabia and Marcel Duchamp. They want to attack the pre-established master-pieces and painting spaces, and they had 'non-artistic attitude' not to be art. Since 1980, the German artist Anselm Kiefer adapted the methods and made them his special skills so he had tried to paint tough brush strokes and draw with hugh pallette image line and fire and water images , they can be the image attack as the Iconoclasm. secondly, the model of vandalism is to be done by hammer, drill, canon and so on. the method is to attack the content of painting. Further, the object of destruction is bound by cords and iron lings to demolish or to declare the authority of pre-statues; it symbolize the pre-authority is gone already. Self-destruction based paintings are clearly different in the purpose of approaching the art work. First of all, they can be auto-destruction, creative destruction and metamorphosis destruction, which is linked with the skill the material aspect and basic stature, and sign destruction or signifier destruction, which is link with the inner meaning destruction that is considered as the Semiotical destruction in post-modern paintings. Since 1960, the auto destruction is based on the method of firing, melting, grinding and similar skills, which is linked with Neo-Dada and reverse-assemblage. Metamorphosis destruction is strongly linked with the basic inner heart price and quality, so it can be resulted in the changedness of expectation and recognition. Tony Cragg has developed the skills to metamorphose the wood as stone or iron as cloth and stone as sponge and rubber and so on. The researcher has developed the same style in the series of since 2003. The other self-destructive methods are found in the skill of sign destruction. In the methods the meaning of the art is not fixed as one or two, but is developed multi-meaning and differ from original starting situation, so Jacques Derrida called the difference meaning in deconstruction. It is the destruction of textes. These methods are accomplished by David Salle, Francesco Clemente, and recently Tracy Emin, who has developed the attacking heart in the spectators' emotion. Sometime in the method of self-destruction, it is based on horror and shock, the method is explored by Demian Hirst and Jakes and Dinos Chapman. Their destructive styles stimulate ambivalent heart and destroy original sign of girl and animals.

• 한국데이터정보과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국데이터정보과학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.5-8
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• 2002

현재 우리 나라가 사용하고 있는 표준시는 I-시간이다. 이 표준시 사용에 대해 일부 이견이 있어, 우리 나라의 표준시 제도를 확립하기 위해 세계 각국의 표준시의 운용 상황을 분석 검토함으로서 우리나라는 현재 사용 중인 I-시간을 계속적으로 사용하는 것이 타당한 것으로 다음과 같은 결론을 얻을 수 있었다. 1) 세계에서 복수 표준시를 운용하고 있는 나라(러시아 등 9개국)는, 표준시 적용 지역을 태양시에 정확하게 맞추어 결정할 수 있을 것임에도, 3개국만 표준시가 태양시에 거의 일치할 뿐 나머지 6개국은 모두 태양시보다 표준시를 앞세워 적용하고 있다. 2) 세계 15대 대 영토국 중 단일표준시를 운용하고 있는 나라(중국 등 6개국) 중에서 3개국이 대체로 표준시가 태양시에 일치할 뿐이고, 나머지 3개국은 표준시를 태양시보다 $1{\sim}2$시간 이상이나 앞세워 적용하고 있다. 3) 전 세계의 145개 주요 단일 표준시 사용국 중 약 5%(중동의 지중해 연안국들과 동유럽의 일부 국가들) 정도에서 표준시를 태양시보다 30분 정도 늦춰 적용할 뿐이고, 태양시와 비슷하게 운용하는 나라는 약 56%, 표준시를 30분 이상 앞세워 적용하고 있는 나라는 약 39% 정도로서 대체로 태양시보다 빠른 표준시를 긍정적으로 받아들이고 있다. 4) 캐나다와 미국의 경우는 각 주에서 정한 표준시와는 다르게 운영하고 있는 지방들이 있는데, 이들 모두가 지리적인 위치로 보아 태양시보다 표준시가 어느 정도 빠르게 운영되도록 조정한 경우들이다. 5) 세계에서 UTC와 비 정수 시간차의 표준시를 운용하는 지역과 국가는 7개소 정도이다. 이들 중 표준시를 태양시에 맞추어 설정한 경우가 6개소이고, 지리적인 위치로 보아 표준시와 태양시가 일치할 수 있는데도 표준시를 30분 정도를 빠르게 운용하기 위해 조정한 경우가 1개소이다. 6) 세계에서 서머타임을 적용하고 있는 최저위도 국가는 북반구에서는 북회귀선에 걸쳐 있는 Mexico와 Cuba, 남반구에서는 Brazil의 남회귀선에 걸쳐 있는 남반부인데 이들은 모두 태양시와 일치하는 표준시를 운용하는 나라들이다. 한편 서머타임을 적용하고 있지 않는 최고위도 국가는 북반구에서는 Iceland, 남반구에서는 Argentina인데, 이 두 나라는 모두 이미 표준시를 태양시보다 1시간 이상 빠르게 적용하고 있는 나라들이다. 7) 복수 표준시간을 운용하고 있는 Canada와 미국에서는 국가적으로는 서머타임을 운용하고 있는데도 서머타임을 운용하고 있지 않는 주가 Canada에는 1개주, 미국에는 3개 주가 있는데, 이들은 모두 표준시가 태양시보다 30분${\sim}$1시간 정도 빠르게 적용되고 있는 곳이다. 8) 세계의 많은 나라가 표준시를 태양시보다 30분${\sim}$1시간 또는 그 이상까지도 빠르게 적용하고 있다는 사실, 그리고 세계의 많은 나라에서 서머타임을 시행하고 있다는 사실을 보면 태양시보다 표준시를 어느 정도 빠르게 적용해 생활하는 것은 인간 생체리듬에 악영향을 미치지 않으면서 오히려 시간 이용을 효율화하는 장점이 있는 것으로 판단된다. 9) 현재 우리나라는 경도 $135^{\circ}E$를 기준으로 하는 I-시간을 사용하고 있으면서 I-시간대역의 서쪽경계에 위치하여 태양시보다 표준시가 30분 정도 빠르다. 이는 한국인의 생체리듬에 결코 나쁜 영향을 주지 않으며, 오히려 시간을 효율적으로 사용할 수 있는 장점으로 작용하고 있는 것으로 판단된다. 아울러 여름철에 일광절약시간(서머타임)제의 필요성을 완화시켜줌으로서 표준시를 안정적으로 운용하는데 크게 기여하고 있다. 이는 표준시를 UTC와 정수시간차를 유지하면서 안정적으로 운영하려는 세계 각국의 표준시 운영 경향과도 일치하고 있다. 10) 우리나라가 사용하는 I-시간이 우리에게 이상과 같은 장점을 가지고 있음에도 불구하고 이 I-시간이 일제의 잔재라거나 또한 한국인의 생체리듬에 해롭다는 이유를 들어 우리 나라의 표준시를 경도 $127.5^{\circ}W$ 기준의 H'시간으로 변경시킨다면UTC와의 8시간 30분차 시간을 운영하게 됨으로서 국제화 시대를 사는데 큰 불편을 초래할 뿐만 아니라, 추가적으로 서머타임제를 도입하게 되는 등 커다란 부작용을 겪게 될 것이다.

• 한국병원경영학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.1-21
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• 1997

In order to analyze the shifts in the volume and profits of Computed Tomography(CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI) utilization for a year before and after the implementation of insurance coverage for CT, this study has been undertaken examining CT and MRI cost data from 'Y' University Hospital situated in Seoul, Korea. Following are the results of this study: 1. The medical insurance payment for CT, implemented on January 1, 1996, increased CT utilization from January 1996 to April 1996 due to low insurance premiums: however, from May 1996 the number of CT cases significantly decreased as a result of strengthened medical cost reviews and the new 'Detailed standards for approval of CT' announced near the end of April 1996 by the insurer. 2. Since the implementation of insurance coverage for CT, CT fee reduction rates for reimbursements by the insurer to the hospital were 50% and 40% for January and February, respectively, and 31% and 15% for March and April. A significant point in the lowering of the reduction rate was reached in May at 11%; furthermore, since June the reduction rate fell below the average reduction rate for reimbursements for all procedures. If the 'Detailed standards for approval of CT' had been announced before the implementation of insurance coverage for CT, CT utilization would not have been so high due to the need to meet those 'standards'. In addition, loss of hospital profits resulting from the reduction for reimbursements would not have occurred. 3. The shifts in MRI utilization showed that there was no particular change with the beginning of insurance coverage for CT, and the introduction of the 'Detailed standards for approval of CT' made MRI utilization increase because MRI is free of restrictions imposed by the insurer. 4. The relationship between CT utilization and MRI utilization showed that they were supplementary to each other before insurance coverage for CT, but that CT was substituted for MRI because of strengthened medical cost reviews after t~e beginning of insurance coverage for CT. 5. The shifts in volume by patient characteristics showed that the number of inappropriate case patients, according to the insurer's "Standards for approval", decreased more than the number of appropriate case patients after the introduction of insurance coverage for CT. Therefore, the health insurance fee schemes for CT have influenced patient care. 6. The shifts in profits from CT utilization showed a net profit decrease of 31.6%. In order to match the pre-coverage profit level, 5,471 more cases would need to be seen and productivity would need to be increased by 32.7%. This profit decrease resulted from a decrease of CT utilization and low reimbursements. With insurance coverage, net profits from CT were 24.4%, and a margin of safety ratio was 39.6%. Because of the net profits and margin of safety ratio, CT utilization fees for insured appropriate cases could not be considered inappropriate. 7. The shifts in profits from MRI utilization before and after the introduction of CT coverage showed that in order to match pre-CT coverage profit levels, 2,011 more cases would need to be seen and productivity would need to be increased by 9.2%. The reasons for needing to increase the number of cases and productivity result from cost burdens created by adding new MRI units. But with CT coverage already begun, MRI utilization increased. Combined with a minor increase in the MRI fee schedule, MRI utilization showed a net profit increase of 18.5%. Net profits of 62.8% and a 'margin of safety ratio' of 43.1% for MRI utilization showed that the hospital relied on this non-covered procedure for profits. 8. The shifts in profits from CT and MRI utilization showed the net profits from CT decreased by 2.33billion Won while the net profits from MRI increased by 815.7million Won. Overall, these two together showed a net profit decrease of 1.51billion Won. The shifts in utilization showed a functional substitutionary relationship, but the shifts in profits did not show a substitutionary relationship. From these results, We can conclude that if insurance is to be expanded to include previously uncovered procedures using expensive medical equipment, detailed standards should be prepared in advance. The decrease in profits from the shifts in coverage and changes in fees is a difficult burden that should be shared, not carried by the hospital alone. Also, a new or improved fee schedule system should include revised standards between items listed and the appropriateness of the fee schedule should constantly be ensured. This study focused on one university hospital in Seoul and is therefore limited in general applicability. But it is valuable for considering current issues and problems, such as the influence of CT coverage on hospital management. Future studies will hopefully expand the scope of the issues considered here.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제37권sup2호
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• pp.325-338
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• 2007

본 실험에서는 제2형 당뇨병 환자와 비당뇨 환자들에서 만성 치주염 부위의치은 및 건강한 치은에서 염증 매개체 중 하나인 IL-6, elastase 및 ${\alpha}_1-PI$의 발현에 대해 상호 비교 분석함으로서 염증, 혈당이 미치는 영향을 밝히고 제 2형 당뇨병 환자에서 심한 치주조직 파괴의 기전을 연구하고자 하였다. 경북대학교병원 치주과 내원환자 중 제2형 당뇨병 환자와 비당뇨 환자들 및 치주질환이 없는 건강인 대조군을 대상으로 여러 가지 환자요소, 임상 치주상태를 기록하고, 전신적으로 건강한 환자의 건강한 부위(n=8, Group 1), 전신적으로 건강한 환자의 만성 치주염 부위(n=8, Group 2), 제2형 당뇨병 환자의 만성 치주염 부위 (n=8, Group 3)에서 각각 변연치은을 채득하고 액화질소에 급속 동결하였다. Western blotting을 이용하여 각 조직내 IL-6, elastase 및 ${\alpha}_1-PI$의 발현을 관찰, densitometer를 이용하여 상대적 발현을 정량, 각 조직의 ${\beta}-actin$을 이용하여 표준화하여 실험군과 대조군들의 평균치를 비교하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. IL-6의 발현은 2군과 3군에서 증가되는 경향을 보였으며 3군에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 2. Elastase의 발현도 2군과 3군에서 증가양상을 보였으며, 3군에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 3. ${\alpha}_1-PI$의 발현정도는 1군에 비해 3군에서 증가되는 경향을 보였다. 4. ${\alpha}_1-PI/elastase$ 비율은 1군에 비해 2군과 3군에서 감소되었으며, 특히 3군에서 가장 감소되었다. 5. 3군에서 IL-6 발현이 증가됨에 따라 Elastase 발현이 증가되는 경향을 보였으나, IL-6와 Elastase 수치가 증가함에도 불가하고 ${\alpha}_1-PI$ 수치는 1군에 비해 약간 증가되는 경향을 보였다. 결론적으로 IL-6와 elastase는 만성 치주염과 제2형 당뇨병 환자의 만성 치주염 부위에서 염증상태에 따른 지표로 응용할 수 있으리라 생각되며, ${\alpha}_1-PI/elastase$ 비율 또한 2형 당뇨환자의 만성치주염 부위에서 중요한 측정인자가 될 수 있으리라 생각된다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.640-658
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanism of improving acid resistance of Nd-YAG laser irradiated tooth enamel and determine the most effective energy density for improving acid resistance. The bovine tooth enamel were lased with a pulsed Nd-YAG laser. The energy densities of exposed laser beam were varied from 10 to $70\;J/cm^2$. To investigate the degree of improving acid resistance by irradiation, all the samples were submerged to demineralize in 0.5 N $HClO_4$ solution for 1 minute. After 1 minute, 0.05 % $LaCl_3$ was added to the solution for interrupting the demineralization reaction. The amounts of dissolved calcium and phosphate in the solution were measured by using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer and the UV/VIS spectrophotometer, respectively. To examine the mechanism of improving acid resistance, X-ray diffraction analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were taken. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the samples were obtained in the $10^{\circ}{\sim}80^{\circ}2{\theta}$ range with $Cu-K{\alpha}$ radiation using M18HF(Mac Science Co.) with X-ray diffractometer operating at 40 KV and 300 mA. The infra-red spectra of the ground samples in 300 mg KBr pellets 10 mm diameter were obtained in the $4000cm^{-1}\;to\;400cm^{-1}$ range using JASCO 300E spectrophotometer. The scanning electron microscopy was carried out using JSM6400(JEOL Co.) with $500{\sim}2000$ times magnification. The results were as follow 1. The concentration of calcium dissolved from laser irradiated enamel with $50J/cm^2$ was significantly lesser than that of unlased control group (p<0.05) 2. From the result of the X-ray diffraction analysis, $\beta$-TCP, which increases acid solubility, was identified in lased enamel but the diffraction peaks of (002) and (004) became sharp with increasing energy density of laser irradiation. This means that the crystals in lased samples were grown through the c-axis and subsequently, the acid solubility of enamel decreased. 3. The a-axis parameter was slightly increased by laser irradiation, whereas the c-axis parameter was almost constant except for a little decrease at $50J/cm^2$. 4. In the infra-red spectra of lased enamels, phosphate bands ($600{\sim}500cm^{-1}$), B-carbonate bands (870, $1415{\sim}1455cm^{-1}$), and A-carbonate band ($1545cm^{-1}$) were observed. The amounts of phosphate bands and the B-carbonate bands were reduced, on the other hand, the amount of the A-carbonate band was increased by increase the energy density. 5. The SEM experiments reveal that the surface melting and recrystallization were appeared at $30J/cm^2$ and the cracks were observed at $70J/cm^2$. From above results, It may be suggested that the most effective energy density for improving acid resistance of tooth enamel with the irradiation of Nd-YAG laser was $50J/cm^2$. The mechanism of improving acid resistance were reduction of permeability due to surface melting and recrystallization of lased enamel and reduction of acid solubility of enamel due to decrease of carbonate content and growth of crystal.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.31-66
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• 1991

담수산 징거미새우 Macrobrachium nipponense (De Hann)는 우리나라 남부의 하구 기수 구역에 서식하는 흔한 종으로 체장 약 7 cm 정도이며 우리나라 Macrobrachium 속의 새우 중에서는 가장 큰 종이다. 최근 자연 수역의 오염으로 자연에서의 이 종의 수가 급격히 감소되고 있어서 이에 대한 대책이 시급한 실정이다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 이 종의 인공종묘생산을 위한 기초로서의 생식생태 즉 교미전탈피 횟수, 교미전탈피의 형태학적 특징, 탈피기간중의 일일 먹이량, 교미 행동, 정자와 정포의 구조, 정소내의 수정관의 형태, 산란 기작, 적정인공수정 시간, 교미로 부터 산란에 소요되는 시간 및 과정, 수온과 염분농도에 따른 난발생 및 부화에 미치는 영향, 난부화과정을 조사하였고 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 수온 $28^{\circ}C$ 감소량 $3.26{\~}4.35\%_{\circ}$ 에서 암컷은 $17{\~}18$일 주기로 성장 탈피를 하였고, $13{\~}14$일 간격으로 $4{\~}5$회의 교미전탈피를 하였다. 인공수정에 적절한 시간은 교미전탈피 후 14시간 이내였고 최적시간은 탈피후 8시간 이내였다. 교미시에 수컷은 한천질의 정포를 암컷의 복구에 넣었고 산란은 교미후 $6{\~}17$시간 후에 관찰되었으며 산란시에 체외수정이 된다고 사료된다. 수정난은 암컷의 유영지 사이에 안들어 진 포난실에 부착되며 그 수는 암컷 체장이 6.5 cm인 경우 약 $5000{\~}6000$입 정도이다. 2. 산란 직후의 알은 타원형이며 평균 크기는 $0.58{\times}0.48$ mm였고 난발생이 진행되면서 크기가 증가되어 마지막에는 $0.85{\times}0.48$ mm로 되었다 알의 장축(Y)와 소요일수(X)와의 상관관계는 Y=5.60194+0.007358X로 나타낼 수 있었다. 난의 발생은 표할이었으며 분할구는 4 세포기에 나타났다. 난발생은 수온 $22{\~}30^{\circ}C$에서 정상적이며 최적수온은 $26{\~}28^{\circ}C$로 나타났고, 염분도는 염소양 $0{\~}6.64\%_{\circ}$ 에서 정상적으로 발생하였으며 최적염분 농도는 $2.21{\%_{\circ}}$이었다. 난부화일수(Y)와 수온(X)와의 상관관계는 Y=50.803-1.355X로 나타났고 수온 $28{\~}28.6^{\circ}C$에서 산란에서 부화까지는 $12{\~}13$일이 소요되었다. 3. 교미전탈피는 성장 탈피와 형태적으로 큰 차이가 났으며 교미전탈피에서만 번식강모와 번식 섬모가 흉복갑부, 복부측판 및 $1{\~}4$번 유영지 기부에 나타났다.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.169-182
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• 2014

참나물의 처리 조건을 달리하여 토마토소스를 제조한 후 품질 특성을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같았다. pH는 동결건조한 참나물을 첨가한 토마토소스는 참나물을 첨가한 토마토소스와는 반대로 시료의 첨가량이 증가할수록 pH가 감소하였다. 당도는 참나물을 첨가한 PBF0이 10.83으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 색도는 참나물과 동결건조한 참나물을 첨가한 토마토소스의 L값, a값, b값 모두 시료의 첨가량이 증가할수록 시료간에 유의적인 차이를 보이며 감소하였다. 수분함량은 동결건조한 참나물 시료만 첨가량이 증가할수록 수분이 감소하였다. 동결건조한 참나물 4% 첨가군인 PBP4가 29.58로 가장 높은 DPPH free radical 소거활성을 나타냈다. 참나물을 토마토소스에 첨가시에 미생물 총균수 검출이 감소되었으며, 동결건조한 참나물 보다는 참나물을 생으로 넣었을 때 미생물 생육억제작용이 더 큰 효과를 나타냈다. 참나물을 첨가한 토마토소스의 기호도에서 색은 참나물 2%를 첨가한 PBF2가 5.1로 가장 높게 나타났다. 맛은 참나물 1%를 첨가한 PBT1이 3.7로 가장 낮게 평가되었고 전체적인 기호도는 PBT2가 5.8로 가장 높게 나타났다. 동결건조한 참나물을 첨가한 토마토소스의 색은 참나물 2%를 첨가한 PBP2가 5.1로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 맛과 뒷맛은 PBP3이 가장 높게 나타났다. 전체적인 기호도는 PBP3이 5.9로 가장 높게 나타났다. 이를 종합적인 결과로 보아 토마토소스 제조시에 참나물과 동결건조한 참나물의 첨가비율은 2~3% 사이가 가장 좋을 것이라 사료되며, 오히려 4%이상의 참나물을 첨가시에는 참나물을 첨가하지 않은 대조군 보다 기호도를 감소시킬 것이라 사료된다. 참나물의 다양한 시료의 제조방법에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각이 되며, 또한 첨가하여 제조하고자 하는 식품과의 조화에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 참나물을 최근 들어 서양소스 중에 가장 많이 섭취하고 있는 토마토소스에 첨가를 하여 기능성소스로서 상품성과 시장성을 기대할 수 있을 것이라고 생각된다.