• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.178-188
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• 2024

In the near future, it is expected that there will be billions of connected devices using fifth generation (5G) network services. The recently available base stations (BSs) need to mitigate their loads without changing and at the least monetary cost. The available spectrum resources are limited and need to be exploited in an efficient way to meet the ever-increasing demand for services. Device to Device communication (D2D) technology will likely help satisfy the rapidly increasing capacity and also effectively offload traffic from the BS by distributing the transmission between D2D users from one side and the cellular users and the BS from the other side. In this paper, we propose to apply D2D overlay communication with cognitive radio capability in 5G networks to exploit unused spectrum resources taking into account the dynamic spectrum access. The performance metrics; throughput and delay are formulated and analyzed for CSMA-based medium access control (MAC) protocol that utilizes a common control channel for device users to negotiate the data channel and address the contention between those users. Device users can exploit the cognitive radio to access the data channels concurrently in the common interference area. Estimating the achievable throughput and delay in D2D communication in 5G networks is not exploited in previous studies using cognitive radio with CSMA-based MAC protocol to address the contention. From performance analysis, applying cognitive radio capability in D2D communication and allocating a common control channel for device users effectively improve the total aggregated network throughput by more than 60% compared to the individual D2D throughput without adding harmful interference to cellular network users. This approach can also reduce the delay.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.1976-1997
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• 2016

This paper investigates the problem of co-tier interference mitigation for dynamic small- cell networks, in which the load of each small-cell varies with the number of active associated small-cell users (SUs). Due to the fact that most small-cell base stations (SBSs) are deployed in an ad-hoc manner, the problem of reducing co-tier interference caused by dynamic loads in a distributed fashion is quite challenging. First, we propose a new distributed channel allocation method for small-cells with dynamic loads and define a dynamic interference graph. Based on this approach, we formulate the problem as a dynamic interference graph game and prove that the game is a potential game and has at least one pure strategy Nash equilibrium (NE) point. Moreover, we show that the best pure strategy NE point minimizes the expectation of the aggregate dynamic co-tier interference in the small-cell network. A distributed dynamic learning algorithm is then designed to achieve NE of the game, in which each SBS is unaware of the probability distributions of its own and other SBSs' dynamic loads. Simulation results show that the proposed approach can mitigate dynamic co-tier interference effectively and significantly outperform random channel selection.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제34권9A호
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• pp.697-703
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• 2009

인지무선 통신장치(cognitive radio)는 일반적으로 일차 사용자(primary user)와의 간섭을 피하기 위해 어떠한 일차 사용자도 점유하고 있지 않은 주파수 자원을 활용한다. 그러나 비어있는 주파수 자원을 발견할 수 없을 경우, 인지무선 통신장치는 언더레이(underlay) 형태로 일차 사용자들과 주파수를 공유할 수 있으며, 이 때 스스로의 통신이 일차 사용자들에게 간섭을 미치지 않도록 전송 전력을 조절해야 한다. 본 논문은 셀룰라 네트워크의 상향링크 주파수 자원을 사용하는 언더레이 주파수 공유 방법을 제안한다. 셀룰라 네트워크의 범위 안에 존재하는 한쌍의 인지무선 통신장치들이 단방향 점대점(point-to-point) 통신 링크를 생성할 때 사용할 수 있는 전송 전력의 재한을 계산하고, 계산된 전송 전력을 적용할 수 있는 실용적인 상향 링크 공유 방안을 제시한다. 또한 시뮬레이션을 통해 제안된 상향 링크 공유 방안이 하향 링크 주파수 자원을 공유하는 것에 비해 인지무선 통신장치의 부담(overhead)을 줄일 뿐만 아니라 점대점 통신 링크의 수율(throughput) 성능을 향상시킬 수 있음을 보인다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.1979-1995
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• 2015

Network convergence is regarded as the development tendency of the future wireless networks, for which self-organization paradigms provide a promising solution to alleviate the upgrading capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operating expenditures (OPEX). Self-optimization, as a critical functionality of self-organization, employs a decentralized paradigm to dynamically adapt the varying environmental circumstances while without relying on centralized control or human intervention. In this paper, we present comprehensive surveys of heterogeneous networks (HetNets) and investigate the enhanced self-optimization models. Self-optimization approaches such as dynamic mobile access network selection, spectrum resource allocation and power control for HetNets, etc., are surveyed and compared, with possible methodologies to achieve self-optimization summarized. We hope this survey paper can provide the insight and the roadmap for future research efforts in the self-optimization of convergence networks.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제40권11호
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• pp.2305-2315
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• 2015

무선통신의 발전에 따라 주파수 자원 가치는 더욱 커지고 있다. 또한 정보화 사회 발전에 따라 주파수 자원의 수요가 공급에 비하여 매우 크기 때문에 주파수 부족 현상이 심각한 실정이다. 따라서 사용하지 않는 주파수 자원을 효율적으로 이용하기 위한 기술로서 최근 Cognitive Radio (CR) 기술이 각광 받고 있다. 본 논문에서는 주파수 홉핑 기반 인지무선 애드 혹 네트워크에서 새로운 out-of-band 주파수 센싱 기법과 동적 채널 엑세스 방법에 대해 제안한다. 제안된 방법에서 CR 멤버노드들은 현재 홉핑 시간의 초반부에 다음 홉핑 채널에 대한 센싱을 수행하고, 제안된 주사용자 감지 신호 방송 기법에 따라 각 노드는 현재 채널에 대한 홉핑 시간 연장여부를 결정한다. 주사용자가 발견되어 잠정적으로 사용하지 않았던 채널이 다시 사용가능한 상태가 되면 해당 채널을 원래의 홉핑 패턴에 포함시키는 채널 복구절차를 수행한다. 본 논문에서는 제안된 동적 주파수 센싱과 홉핑 채널 연장 메커니즘에 대해 다양한 무선 환경에서의 성능평가를 수행하였다. 제안된 방식은 기존 방식에 비하여 채널 효율을 높이고 신뢰할 수 있는 채널 관리를 수행할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.148-156
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• 2009

The fixed spectrum assignment policy in today's wireless networks leads to inefficient spectrum usage. Cognitive radio network is a new communication paradigm that enables the unlicensed users to opportunistically use the spatio-temporally unoccupied portions of the spectrum, and hence realizing a dynamic spectrum access (DSA) methodology. Interference temperature model proposed by Federal Communications Commission (FCC) permits the unlicensed users to utilize the licensed frequencies simultaneously with the primary users provided that they adhere to the interference temperature constraints. In this paper, we formulate two NP-hard optimal scheduling methods that meet the interference temperature constraints for cognitive radio networks. The first one maximizes the network throughput, whereas the second one minimizes the scheduling delay. Furthermore, we also propose suboptimal schedulers with linear complexity, referred to as maximum frequency selection (MFS) and probabilistic frequency selection (PFS). We simulate the throughput and delay performance of the optimal as well as the suboptimal schedulers for varying number of cognitive nodes, number of primary neighbors for each cognitive node, and interference temperature limits for the frequencies. We also evaluate the performance of our proposed schedulers under both additive white gaussian noise (AWGN) channels and Gilbert-Elliot fading channels.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권8호
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• pp.2716-2727
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• 2021

The core shroud is one of the most important internal components of the reactor vessel internals because it meets the neutron fluence directly emitted by the nuclear fuel. In particular, dynamic effects for an earthquake should be evaluated with respect to the neutron irradiation flux. As a prerequisite to this study, simplified and detailed finite element models are developed for the core shroud using the ANSYS Design Parametric Language. Using the El Centro earthquake, seismic analyses are performed for the simplified and detailed core shroud models. Modal characteristics are obtained and their results are used for a time history analysis. Response spectrum analyses are also performed to access the degree of seismic excitation. The results of these analyses are compared to investigate the response characteristics between the simplified and detailed core shroud models from the time history and response spectrum analyses.

• 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.58-71
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• 2019

본 논문은 군 전술 무선 통신망에서의 가용 주파수 채널 확보를 위한 인지 라디오 엔진 플랫폼 구조 및 인지 라디오 무선기기를 위한 가용 주파수 채널 추론기법을 제안하였다. 현재의 군 전술 통신망은 동종 및 이종 군 무선기기 주파수의 효과적 운용을 위한 가용 주파수 확보 및 군 무선기기 간의 상호공존 방안에 대한 필요성이 빠르게 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 본 논문은 최적의 가용 주파수 채널확보 방안으로 동적 스펙트럼 접속(DSA, Dynamic Spectrum Access) 실현을 위한 인지 라디오 엔진 기술 기반의 가용채널 추론기법에 대해 소개하였다. 이를 위해 주사용자(PU, Primary User)의 채널 이용현황 모델링 및 채널 점유확률 계산을 통하여 인지 라디오 무선기기를 위한 사례 기반의 가용채널 추론기법을 제안하였으며, 성능분석 모의실험을 통하여 주사용자의 점유채널 정보 대비 인지 라디오 무전기의 가용채널 획득 정보 간의 충돌확률 변화율을 분석하였다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.123-145
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• 2017

Due to the increasing demand for spectrum resources, cognitive radio networks and dynamic spectrum access draw a lot of research into efficiently utilizing limited spectrum resources. To set up cluster-based CR ad-hoc common channels, conventional methods require a relatively long time to successfully exchange the initialization messages. In this paper, we propose a fast and reliable common channel initialization protocol for CR ad-hoc networks. In the proposed method, the cluster head sequentially broadcasts a system activation signal through its available channels with a predetermined correlation pattern. To detect the cluster head's broadcasting channels and to join the cluster, each member node implements fast Fourier transform (FFT) and computes autocorrelation of an FFT bin sequence for each available channel of the member node. This is compared to the predetermined reference pattern. The join request and channel decision procedures are also presented in this paper. In a simulation study, the performance of the proposed method is evaluated.

• 한국정보처리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보처리학회 2014년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.206-209
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• 2014

Control message exchange is major job for cognitive radio to exist and use spectrum opportunistically. For this control message exchange they need a common control channel (CCC). Once this channel is affected by a primary user, communication stops until new CCC is setup. This takes substantial time and if they could not get free channel, this halt continues for long time. To prevent such cease of communication, we propose a combination of two networks, namely WLAN and UWB, to let the communication continue. In our proposed idea if the CCC of a certain CR in WLAN is affected, the CR changes its network from WLAN to UWB and keeps the communication because UWB cannot be affected by PU. In the proposed idea every cognitive radio has two transceivers; one for the overlay network (WLAN) and another UWB network. If a primary user is detected in the spectrum of a cognitive radio, it continues exchanging control messages under the UWB network and in parallel negotiates for a new CCC using the WLAN network. This idea solves the communication interruption until new CCC is setup.