• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.621-630
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to -retrospectively describe the childhood sports activity level of Korean adult men and women and to determine whether a higher level of childhood sports activity was positively associated with adult bone mineral density. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 100 Korean men (n=40) and women (n=60) was completed. Participants completed a detailed lifetime sports activity questionnaire and had their bone mineral density of the femur and lumbar spine measured using dual energy x-ray densitometry (DEXA). All sports activities were classified into four categories of peak strain score on the basis of ground reaction forces (GRF). Results: During the age of high school, women and men who participated in a high intensity sports activity demonstrated higher bone density in the femur site after adjustment for the effects of body weight, fat body mass, lean body mass, the level of calcium intake, and breast feeding period than those who did not participate in sports activity at all. Conclusion: These results highlight the need to participate in high intensity sports activity during high school age as a means of increasing peak bone mass in the femur site.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.667-675
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• 2008

Purpose: The aim of this study was to compare the relation between differently measured sports activities (metabolic equivalent [MET] and peak strain score) and distal radius bone mineral density in college-aged women. Methods: lifetime sports activity was scored in two different ways: 1) a sports activity score by multiplying the intensity (METs) and duration and 2) a sports activity score by adding up physical strain scores based on the ground reaction force of each sports activities. Bone mineral density was measured using dual energy x-ray densitometry (DTX-200) in the distal radius site. Results: In stepwise multiple regression analysis, body weight and sports activities during the college period were significant positive predictors for distal radius bone mineral density. The explained variance of sports activity measured with a peak strain score (8.8%) for distal radius bone mineral density was higher than one measured with the MET score (3.3%). Conclusion: It can be concluded that sports activity scores based on MET and peak strain scores during college are very important for determining the bone mineral density in the distal radius site in women under 30.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.823-830
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• 2010

This study was designed to examine the morphological measurement and characteristics of trabecullae based on femoral radiographic image for prediction of osteoporosis. Study subjects were 34 females (average age of 62.1 years) and 6 males (average age of 60.1 years), they were categorized into normal group and osteoporosis group in accordance with the T-score value. Measurement of the bone density of femoral bone was measured with DEXA(Dual Energy X-ray absorptiometry). ROI(Region of interests) was selected on femoral neck and trochanter. Characteristics of trabecullae was analyzed by using the skeletonization analysis of trabecular image. Morphological measurement was analyzed through femoral radiographic image in order to examine the correlation with osteoporosis. The result demonstrated statistically significant correlation between neck cortical thickness, shaft width, shaft cortical thickness, periphery, mean gray level and trabeculae area with BMD average (T-score) of femoral part. The results show that morphological measurement and characteristics of trabecullae based on femoral radiographic images for osteoporosis prediction could be effective.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2006

Osteocalcin is a vitamin K dependent and bone specific protein which plays an important role in the regulation of bone and calcium metabolism. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between the C298T polymorphism in the osteocalcin gene and bone mineral density (BMD) in Korean young men and their interaction with physical activity. BMDs of the femoral neck and lumbar spine were measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, and the C298T polymorphism in the osteocalcin gene determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-HindIII restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. We did not observe any significant differences in the femoral neck and lumbar spine BMDs across genotypes of this polymorphism in controls, athletes or combined groups, respectively (P>0.05). Therefore, our data suggest that the C298T polymorphism in the osteocalcin gene is not a suitable genetic marker for the susceptibility to BMD.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.71-88
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to analyze the cost-effectiveness of four medications for treating and preventing osteoporosis -HRT therapy(conjugated equine estrogen 0.625mg for 25 days and medroxyprogesterone acetate 5mg for 01112 days), Alendronate(10mg and 5mg), Active Vitamin D(Calcitriol), and Calcium. Total costs include the direct medical cost -examination fee, consultation fee, prescription fee, fee for preparing medications, and the price of pharmaceuticals- and the indirect cost of patients such as traffic expenses and time cost. In addition, the costs of monitoring in adverse reactions are added. The effects of four medications are expressed as BMD(Bone Mineral Density) percent change measured by DEXA(Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) in lumbar spine(L2-L4) and femoral neck site. A mixed model based on meta analysis provides the estimates of effectiveness, which are then appled to the hypothetical cohort consisting of postmenopausal women at the age of 50-59. HRT therapy is the most cost-effective medication at 172,433.64 won (lumbar spine site) and 546,328.28 won (femoral neck site) per BMD percent change for osteoporosis. Alendronate 10mg is more cost-effective than Alendronate 5mg as 345,971.23 won and 378,441.63 won per lumbar BMD percent change at 0.991ｇ/$cm^2$, respectively. Alendronate 10mg is more cost-effective than Alendronate 5mg as 1,329,257.89 won and 1,467,291.23 won per femoral neck BMD percent change at 0.834ｇ/$cm^2$, respectively.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.141-146
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• 2005

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the preliminary use of morphologic operation (MO) in analyzing trabecular pattern of alveolar bone for the predicting systemic osteoporosis. Materials and Methods : Study subjects consisted of 35 females (average age 48.5 years) and 25 males (average age 25.8 years). Bone mineral density BMD $(grams/cm^2)$ of lumbar spine and proximal femur of these subjects were measured by a dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Regions of interest (ROIs) were selected from the digitized periapical radiographs of subjects' posterior jaw. A custom computer program processed morphology operations of ROIs. We compared mean values of 11 MO variables according to the osteoporotic group divided by the T-scores of DEXA. We also studied correlation between radiographic density and these MO variables. Results : The mean radiographic densities insignificantly correlated with MO variables. There were statistically significant differences among the values of 9 MO variables according to the osteoporotic group. Conclusion Morphologic operation can be effective in analyzing trabecular pattern of alveolar bone for the predicting osteoporosis.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.172-178
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• 2007

An ultrasonic bone densitometer has been developed by measuring speed of sound signal transmitted and received on the skin, not through the horizontal axis but through the vertical one in tissue. The SOS(speed of sound) method measuring the time difference between the ultrasound signals reflected from the both sides of surface of bone could produce more precise result compared with the BUA(broadband ultrasound attenuation) method measuring the frequency difference. Middle finger is selected to be the best measurement position in order to increase the accuracy, after due consideration that the thickness of flesh at the down part of thumb shows too much variation although the ratio of the receiving signal is higher than the other fingers. The measured value by using SOS method shows almost the same result as compared with the conventional DEXA method.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.235-243
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• 2008

Ni-C composite films were prepared using a combination of microwave plasma CVD and ion beam sputtering deposition working in a codeposition way. The structure of these films was characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Raman spectroscopy. It was found that a nickel carbide phase, $Ni_3C$ (hcp), formed as very fine crystallites over a wide temperature range when Ni-C films were deposited at low $CH_4$ flow rates. The thermal stability of this nonequilibrium carbide $Ni_3C$ was also studied. As a result, the $Ni_3C$ carbide was found to decompose into nickel and graphite at around $400^{\circ}C$. With high $CH_4$ flow rates (> 0.2 sccm), the structure of the Ni-C films became amorphous. The formation behavior of the carbide and amorphous Ni-C phases are discussed in relation to the electrical resistivity of the films.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.169-177
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• 2010

Osteoporosis is a disease that increases the fracture rates and a major cause of increased mortality and morbidity in the elderly people. This study is to determine which components of body composition and metabolic syndrome risk factors are important to bone health, we analysed the relationship among bone mineral density (BMD), body composition and metabolic syndrome risk factors in females. Totally 630 females participated in a medical check-up program (mean age 47 years) were selected for this study. Body composition analysis was performed by segmental bioelectrical impedance method, muscle mass, and percent body fat were measured. We also measured metabolic syndrome risk factors including abdominal obesity, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, blood pressure and fasting glucose level. Metabolic syndrome was defined by NCEP-ATP III criteria. The lumbar spine and femoral neck BMD were measured using the dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Osteopenia and osteoporosis were observed in 180 and 51 persons, respectively. Muscle mass and HDL-cholesterol decreased in osteopenia and osteoporosis groups compared to the control group, and the grade was shown progressively by the symptoms. Significant positive correlation between BMD and muscle mass was observed. Multi variable regression analyses showed that % body fat and muscle mass were independent predictors of BMD after adjustment of age, height and weight. In conclusion, the BMD showed negative correlation with the metabolic and body composition was associated with BMD.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.590-593
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• 1996

This study was done to evaluate the effect of dietary calcium level (a diet which met 100% or twice the calcium level in AIN-76 diet) on preventing bone loss in ovariectomized rats. Forty Sprauge-Dawley female rats(body weight 200$\pm$5g)were divided into two groups. One group were ovariecotomized (Ovx) while the others received sham operation(Sham). Thereafter, each rat group was further divided into normal calcium diet(0.52%) and high calcium diet(1.04%) subgroups. All rats were fed on experimental diet and deionized water ad libitum for 8 weeks. The total body, spine and femur bone mineral densities and bone mineral contents were measured by Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry, Eight weeks following operation, ovariectomized rats fed a high calcium diet had a significantly higher total bone mineral content, total bone calcium content, spine bone mineral density, spine bone mineral content and femur bone mineral content than ovariectomized rats fed control calcium diet. The correlation between dietary calcium intake level and spine bone mineral density were positive, but there was no correlation between dietary calcium intake and femur bone mineral density. The findings from the present study demonstrated that bone loss due to ovarian hormonal deficiency can be partially prevented by a high calcium diet. Futhermore, these findings support the strategy of the use of a high calcium diet in the prevention of estrogen depleted bone loss(postmenopausal osteoporosis)