• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.308-314
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 옥수수의 가공방법 및 옥수수의 두께의 차이가 반추위 in situ 소화율 및 in vitro 반추위 발효와 메탄 발생에 미치는 영향에 대하여 알아보고자 실시하였다. Micronized corn(2.5 mm thickness) 처리구는 다른 처리구들에 비하여 in situ 48시간 건물 분해율이 모든 배양시간대에서 높게(P<0.05) 나타났다. 반면, steam flaked corn(3.3 mm thickness) 처리구는 모든 배양시간대에서 가장 낮은(P<0.05) in situ 건물 분해율을 보였다. 반추위 내에서 미생물에 의해 분해되는 b fraction은 이와 상반되는 결과인 steam flaked corn(3.1 mm thickness)과 steam flaked corn(3.3 mm thickness) 처리구에서 높게(P<0.05) 나타났다. b fraction이 반추위를 통과하는 속도인 건물 분해상수 k값은 micronized corn(2.5 mm thickness) 처리구에서 가장 높게 (P<0.05) 나타났고 steam flaked corn(3.3 mm thickness) 처리구에서 가장 낮게 (P<0.05) 나타났다. 반추위내 시간당 통과속도를 0.05로 적용한 유효 건물 분해도는 건물 분해상수와 유사하게 micronized corn(2.5 mm thickness) 처리구에서 가장 높게 (P<0.05), steam flaked corn(3.3 mm thickness) 처리구에서 가장 낮게(P<0.05) 나타났다. In vitro 반추위 48시간 건물 소실율은 micronized corn(2.5 mm thickness) 처리구에서 가장 높은 경향을(P=0.088) 보인 반면 steam flaked corn 처리구들 사이에서는 두께에 따른 건물 소실율의 상관관계는 나타나지 않았다. 총 가스발생량 및 메탄 발생량에 있어서도 건물 소실율과 같은 결과인 micronized corn(2.5 mm thickness) 처리구에서 가장 높게 나타났으며(P=0.001), 총 휘발성지방산은 steam flaked corn(2.9 mm thickness)의 처리구에서 가장 높게 나타났으나(P=0.015) 나머지 처리구들에서는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. aectate: propionate의 비율 또한 steam flaked corn(2.9 mm thickness)의 처리구에서 가장 높게, micronized corn(2.5 mm thickness) 처리구에서 가장 낮게 나타났다(P=0.008). 본 연구의 결과를 종합하면 steam flaked corn 처리구들에서 in vitro 휘발성지방산 농도에 있어 in situ 반추위내 건물 분해상수와 유효 건물 분해도의 결과와 비교하여 상관관계가 나타나지 않은 결과로 유추해 보면 옥수수 가공방법에 의한 두께의 차이는 반추위 메탄 발생량에 영향을 미치지 않은 것으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.1107-1111
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• 2004

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential nutritive value of five legume forages (leaves and twigs) in West Sumatra during wet and dry seasons. The chemical composition, in vitro dry matter (IVDMD), organic matter (IVOMD) and crude protein digestibility (IVCPD), in vitro gas characteristics and estimated metabolizable energy (ME) showed variation among legume forages and between different seasons. Crude protein (CP) ranged from 14.2 to 27.8% DM in the wet season, with a significant (p<0.05) reduction in dry season. C. pubescens, G. maculata, L. leucocephala and P. phaseloides showed the least reduction in CP content. The NDF, ADF and lignin were about 39.0, 26.5 and 6.1% DM, respectively in the wet season, and significantly (p<0.05) increased in the dry season, except for NDF of C. mucunoides and C. pubescens. For IVDMD, IVOMD and IVCPD significantly increased in the wet season, but values remained as high as over 50.0% of DM. The in vitro gas characteristics and metabolizable energy were significantly (p<0.05) higher in wet season than the dry season. During both seasons, the rate of constant (c) for G. maculata and ME content for C. pubescens and P. phaseloides were not significantly (p<0.05). Results demonstrated that P. phaseloides and L. leucocephala have a good nutritive value during both wet and dry seasons. Further studies on feeding trials are needed to quantify the animal responses when offered these legume forages.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권10호
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• pp.1430-1433
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• 2004

A study was conducted to determine the effect of different alkali treatments on changes in chemical composition and on degradability of bagasse and rice straw. This study divided into 2 experiments, the first with bagasse and the second with rice straw. Each experiment comprised 9 treatments which included: untreated control; 3% NaOH; 6% NaOH; 3% urea; 6% urea; 3% NaOH/3% urea; 3% NaOH/6% urea; 6% NaOH/3% urea; 6% NaOH/6% urea. In both experiments, crude protein contents were increased from 2.0 to 12.5 units for bagasse and 3.1 to 13.7 units for rice straw by urea treatments. Ash contents of the treated bagasse and rice straw were increased over the untreated control (1.5-9.7 units for bagasse; 4.2-8.8 units for rice straw). The effects on ether extract, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber of the treated bagasse and rice straw were variable. Nylon bag degradability of dry matter and crude fiber were increased by treatments applying NaOH and NaOH plus urea but not urea alone. In contrast, the egradability of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were reduced compared with the untreated control. From these degradability studies, it can be concluded that the most efficient treatments of bagasse were those treatments with 6% NaOH, followed by treatments with 6% NaOH plus 3% or 6% urea and 3% NaOH plus 3% or 6% urea, respectively. However, when comparison was made on the cost of chemical used to treat the agricultural by-products, particularly in case of rice straw, 3-6% urea would be appropriate.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.295-302
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• 2000

The quality of the rice straw silage added with apple pomace was investigated in this study and the amount of apple pomace added in different treatments were 0, 20, 40 and 60%, respectively. Crude protein contents (6.4-7.5%) of rice straw silage added with apple pomace were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of 100%. rice straw silage (5.3%), however, crude ash contents were lower (P<0.05) in supplementation of apple pomace. The trends of changing chemical composition between raw materials and end products of silages particularly in the contents of crude protein and crude ash were more apparent in the silages added with apple pomace by 40-60%. Values of pH and the contents of lactic acid and total acid in 40-60% apple pomace added silages were 3.9-4.1, 1.0- 1.5% and 2.7-4.5%, respectively which were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of 4.6, 0.02% and 0.34% in 100% rice straw silage, respectively. In situ dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) disappearance rates in the rumen in the treatments of 40- 60% apple pomace added silages were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of 100% rice straw silage particularly since after 3 and 24 hour incubation on DM and NDF disappearance, respectively. Although quickly degraded fraction (a) among the treatments were not significantly different, 28.4-28.5% of slowly degraded fraction (b) and 27.2-27.4% of effective degradability (ED, k=0.08) for DM were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of 100% rice straw silage (12.5 and 24.6% respectively). NDF was in the same trend as in DM. 31.6-63.2% of NDF for b fraction and 18.7- 19.4% for ED in 40-60% apple pomace added silages were significantly (P<0.05) higher than those of 100% rice straw silage (12.4 and 17.6% respectively). (Key words : Rice straw silage, Apple pomace, Lactic acid, In situ digestibility, Effective degradability)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.1590-1598
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• 2020

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lysophospholipids (LPL) supplementation on rumen fermentation, degradability, and microbial diversity in forage with high oil diet in an in vitro system. Methods: Four experimental treatments were used: i) annual ryegrass (CON), ii) 93% annual ryegrass +7% corn oil on a dry matter (DM) basis (OiL), iii) OiL with a low level (0.08% of dietary DM) of LPL (LLPL), and iv) OiL with a high level (0.16% of dietary DM) of LPL (HLPL). An in vitro fermentation experiment was performed using strained rumen fluid for 48 h incubations. In vitro DM degradability (IVDMD), in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability, pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), volatile fatty acid (VFA), and microbial diversity were estimated. Results: There was no significant change in IVDMD, pH, NH₃-N, and total VFA production among treatments. The LPL supplementation significantly increased the proportion of butyrate and valerate (Linear effect [Lin], p = 0.004 and <0.001, respectively). The LPL supplementation tended to increase the total bacteria in a linear manner (p = 0.089). There were significant decreases in the relative proportions of cellulolytic (Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus albus) and lipolytic (Anaerovibrio lipolytica and Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus) bacteria with increasing levels of LPL supplementation (Lin, p = 0.028, 0.006, 0.003, and 0.003, respectively). Conclusion: The LPL supplementation had antimicrobial effects on several cellulolytic and lipolytic bacteria, with no significant difference in nutrient degradability (DM and neutral detergent fiber) and general bacterial counts, suggesting that LPL supplementation might increase the enzymatic activity of rumen bacteria. Therefore, LPL supplementation may be more effective as an antimicrobial agent rather than as an emulsifier in the rumen.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.633-637
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• 2004

The experiment of silage for preservation of fresh Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) was carried out to examine whether the fermentation quality and microbial degradation in the rumen can be altered by the treatment of amino acids fermentation byproduct (AFB). The plant was ensiled for 40 days with 4 treatments of different ratios of AFB and sugarcane molasses (SCM) mixture. The treatment 2 (T2, AFB:SCM=100:0) and treatment 3 (T3, AFB:SCM=40:60) silages showed higher (p<0.05) concentrations of lactic acids, lower (p<0.05) pH and dry matter (DM) losses than the Control (T1, none additive) and treatment (T4, AFB:SCM=0:100) silages. The treatments 2 and 3 contained higher (p<0.05) DM and crude protein contents in silages compared to treatments 1 and 4 silages. The NDF, ADF and cellulose contents were also lower (p<0.05) in T2, T3 and T4 silages than T1 silage and fresh material before ensiled. The in situ rumen DM, NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose degradability was also higher (p<0.05) in T2, T3 and T4 silages than T1 silage, while the highest improvement was achieved with addition of AFB:SCM at level of 40:60 at ensiling. The result in this study indicates that the addition of AFB and SCM additives improved the silage fermentation and cell wall degradability of Italian ryegrass silage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.906-912
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• 2000

The effect of ammonia treatment and rice bran supplementation on the in situ rumen degradation of rice straw was determined using three Japanese Corriedale wethers fitted with permanent rumen cannula. About 4 g samples of diets containing 100% untreated rice straw (URS); 100% ammonia treated rice straw (ARS); 65% URS+30% rice bran (RB)+5% soybean meal (SBM) (T1); and 85% ARS+15% RB (T2) were incubated at 0, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours in the rumen of sheep to measure dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability. The DM disappearance of ARS based diets were about 20% higher than that of URS based diets. Rice bran supplementation improved DM disappearance of URS but not on ammoniated straw. Degradation parameters showed that ammoniation increased rate (c) of straw degradation resulting to higher DM and fiber degradability but RB supplementation did not. ARS gave similar DM and CP solubility and effective rumen degradability (ED) with that of the supplemented groups indicating that ammoniation alone can give the same effect on rumen degradability of sheep receiving low quality roughage. All degradation parameters for NDF were consistently higher in ARS based-diets indicating improved fiber solubility. Rice bran supplementation did not affect degradation characteristics of the diets except on soluble DM and CP fraction (A) of URS but not on ARS.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.123-130
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• 2013

Whole cotton seed (WCS) has become one of the major feed ingredients in TMR for dairy cattle in Korea, and WCS for feed use is mostly imported from abroad. Since this genetically modified oil seed is usually fed to the animal in raw state, its germination ability, if last long, often causes concerns about ecological disturbances. In the process of looking for effective conditions to remove germination ability of WCS this study had the objectives to evaluate the nutritional effects of gamma irradiation at doses of 8, 10 and 12 kGy on changes in nutrient contents, anti-nutritional factors, in vitro digestibility and ruminal degradability. No significant differences were found in proximate analysis of nutrients between raw WCS and gamma irradiated one. Glycine and threonine contents significantly increased when the WCS was exposed to gamma ray as compared to untreated WCS (p<0.05). As for fatty acid composition, no significant differences were observed with the irradiation treatment. Free gossypol in WCS was decreased (p<0.05) by gamma irradiation treatment. Of the 3 different levels of gamma irradiation, a dose of 12 kGy was found to be the most effective in reducing free gossypol concentration. Results obtained from in situ experiment indicated that gamma irradiation at a dose of 10 kGy significantly (p<0.05) lowered rumen degradability of both dry matter and crude protein as compared with raw WCS. However, there were no significant differences in rapidly degradable and potentially degradable fractions of crude protein due to 10 kGy gamma irradiation. Overall, this study show that gamma irradiation at a dose of 10 kGy is the optimum condition for removing germination ability of WCS, and could improve nutritive value for the ruminant with respect to the decrease in both ruminal protein degradability and gossypol content of WCS.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1213-1220
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• 2018

Objective: An experiment was conducted to assess the antioxidant contents and activities of colored rice grains and to evaluate their nutritive characteristics in terms of chemical composition and in situ ruminal degradation. Methods: Ten cultivars of colored rice grains (Oryza sativa L.) collected from several areas of Japan were studied, and control rice without pigment, maize, barley, and wheat grains were used as control grains. Their chemical compositions, pigment, polyphenol contents, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and degradation characteristics were determined. Results: The starch contents of the colored rice grains were in the range of 73.5% to 79.6%, similar to that of the control rice grain. The black and red rice grains contained anthocyanin (maximum: $5,045.6{\mu}g/g$) and proanthocyanidin (maximum: $3,060.6{\mu}g/g$) at high concentrations as their principal pigments, respectively. There were significantly (p<0.05) positive relationships among the pigment contents, polyphenol content, and TAC values in the colored and control rice grains, indicating that the increase in pigment contents also contributed to the increased polyphenol content and TAC values in the colored rice grains. The dry matter and starch degradation characteristics, as represented by c (fractional degradation rate of slowly degradable fraction) and by the effective degradability, of the colored rice grains and the control rice grain were ranked as follows among commonly used grains: wheat>barley${\geq}rice$>maize. The colored rice grains also included the most-digestible starch, since their potential degradable fraction and actual degradability at 48 h incubation were almost 100%. Conclusion: Colored rice grains have high potential to be used as antioxidant sources in addition to starch sources in ruminants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.56-64
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the use of exogenous enzymes as a potential means of improving the ruminal digestion (i.e., degradability) of alfalfa hay and rice straw. Twenty six enzyme-additives were examined in terms of protein concentration and enzymic activities on model substrates. The exogenous enzymes contained ranges of endoglucanase, xylanase, ${\beta}$-glucanase, ${\alpha}$-amylase, and protease activities. Six of the enzyme additives were chosen for further investigation. The enzyme additives and a control without enzyme were applied to mature quality alfalfa hay substrate and subsequently incubated in rumen batch cultures. Five of the enzyme additives (CE2, CE13, CE14, CE19, and CE24) increased total gas production (GP) at 48 h of incubation compared to the control (p<0.05). The two additives (CE14 and CE24) having the greatest positive effects on alfalfa hay dry matter, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) degradability were further characterized for their ability to enhance degradation of low quality forages. The treatments CE14, CE24, a 50:50 combination of CE14 and CE24 (CE14+24), and control (no enzyme) were applied to mature alfalfa hay and rice straw. For alfalfa hay, application of the two enzyme additives, alone and in combination, increased GP compared to the control at 48 h fermentation (p<0.05), whereas only CE14 and CE14+24 treatments improved GP from rice straw (p<0.05). Rumen fluid volatile fatty acid concentrations throughout the incubation of rice straw were analyzed. Acetate concentration was slightly lower (p<0.05) for CE14${\times}$CE24 compared to the control, although individually, CE14 and CE24 acetate concentrations were not different from the control. Increases (p<0.05) in alfalfa hay NDF degradability measured at 12 and 48 h of incubation occurred only for CE14 (at 12 h) and for CE14+24 (at 12 and 48 h). Similarly, ADF degradability increased (p<0.05) with CE14 and CE14+24. As for rice straw, increased DM degradability was observed at 12 and 48 h of incubation for all enzyme treatments with an exception for CE14 at 12 h. The degradability of NDF was improved by all the enzyme treatments at either incubation time, while ADF degradability was only enhanced at 48 h. Overall, the enzymes led to enhanced digestion of mature alfalfa and there was evidence of improved digestibility of rice straw, an even lower quality forage.