• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.71-76
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• 2017

Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) is used to identify areas of upper airway obstruction, which occurs when patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) snore. DISE enables effective diagnosis and appropriate treatment of the obstruction site. Among surgical treatment methods for OSA, maxillomandibular advancement surgery (MMA) is performed to move a jaw forward; the surgery has a high success rate for OSA treatment. In DISE, anesthetics such as propofol and midazolam must be administered to induce snoring while the patient is deeply sedated for an accurate diagnosis to be made. When inducing deep sedation in a patient with OSA, airway obstruction may increase, causing oxygen saturation to drop; airway interventions are necessary in such cases. Effective DISE and MMA surgery can be performed by administering propofol through target-controlled infusion while monitoring the bispectral index (BIS).

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.43-49
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• 2015

The aim of the study was to explore the possible molecular markers of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium vivax isolates in Thailand. A total of 30 P. vivax isolates were collected from a malaria endemic area along the Thai-Myanmar border in Mae Sot district of Thailand. Dried blood spot samples were collected for analysis of Pvmdr1 and Pvcrt-o polymorphisms. Blood samples ($100{\mu}l$) were collected by finger-prick for in vitro chloroquine susceptibility testing by schizont maturation inhibition assay. Based on the cut-off $IC_{50}$ of 100 nM, 19 (63.3%) isolates were classified as chloroquine resistant P. vivax isolates. Seven non-synonymous mutations and 2 synonymous were identified in Pvmdr1 gene. Y976F and F1076L mutations were detected in 7 (23.3%) and 16 isolates (53.3%), respectively. Analysis of Pvcrt-o gene revealed that all isolates were wild-type. Our results suggest that chloroquine resistance gene is now spreading in this area. Monitoring of chloroquine resistant molecular markers provide a useful tool for future control of P. vivax malaria.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.188-193
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• 2018

Background: Previous studies have noted that the simultaneous use of sulfonylureas and antimicrobials, which is common, could increase the risk of hypoglycemia. In particular, an age of 65 years or older is a known risk factor for sulfonylurea-related hypoglycemia in hospitalized patients. Therefore, we performed this study to determine the potential risk of hypoglycemia from the concurrent use of antimicrobials and sulfonylureas. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study on the National Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort from 2013. The eligibility criteria included patients of 65 years of age or older taking a sulfonylurea with 25 different antimicrobials. Different risk ratings of severity in drug-drug interactions (potential DDIs), level X, D, or C in Lexi-$Interact^{TM}$ online, and contraindicated, major, or moderate severity level in $Micromedex^{(R)}$ were included. SAS version 9.4 was used for data analysis. Results: A total of 6,006 elderly patients with 25,613 prescriptions were included. The largest age group was 70 to 74 (32.7%), and 39.7% of patients were men. The mean number of prescriptions was 4.3 per patient. The most frequently used antimicrobials were levofloxacin (6,583, 25.7%), ofloxacin (6,549, 25.6%), fluconazole (4,678, 18.0%), and ciprofloxacin (2,551, 9.8%). Among sulfonylureas, glimepiride was prescribed most frequently, followed by gliclazide, glibenclamide, and glipizide. Conclusion: Of the antimicrobials with a high potential of hypoglycemia, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, fluconazole, and ciprofloxacin were used frequently. Thus, the monitoring of clinically relevant interactions is required for patients concurrently administered sulfonylureas and antimicrobials.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.1033-1038
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• 2003

본 연구는 유전자재조합 기술에 의해 개발된 유전자재조합 옥수수(GMM)의 모니터링을 위하여 PCR을 이용한 검출방법에 대한 실험을 수행하였다. 최근 식품의약품안전청에서 안전성이 허가된 event MON810, GA2l, NK603, TC1507의 GMM에 삽입된 유전자와 표준대조 유전자인 zein의 유전자를 근거로 제작된 primer와 CTAB 방법으로 추출된 옥수수의 DNA를 template로 이용하여 PCR을 수행하였다. GMM의 검출을 위한, 제작된 primer들은 GMM와 특이적으로 반응하여 증폭된 PCR 산물을 생성하였다. 국내시장에 유통 중인 식용과 사료용의 원료옥수수에서 모니터링 하여 이러한 유전자재조합 옥수수의 일부가 국내에 유통 중인 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 약학회지
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.145-153
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• 2011

A simultaneous detection and quantification method for determining the Phenylalkylamine derivatives, such as methamphetamine (MA), amphetamine (AM), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), ketamine (KT), norketamine (NKT), phentermine (PT), fenfluramine (FFA) and phenmetrazine (PM), in oral fluid was developed and validated according to international guidelines. The validated method was applied to actual oral fluid samples collected from drug abuse suspects. The recovery of phenylalkylamines from oral fluid collection devices was also assessed. Oral fluid specimens from 20 drug abuse suspects submitted by the police were collected using Salivette$^{TM}$, Quantisal$^{TM}$ or direct expectoration. The samples were screened using a biochip array analyzer. For confirmation, the samples were analyzed by GC-MS in selected-ion monitoring (SIM) mode after extraction using automated SPE with a mixed-mode cation exchange cartridge and derivatization with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA). The results from the immunoassay were consistent with those from GC-MS. All the oral fluid samples gave positive results for MA, AM, PT and/or PM. The detection of phenylalkylamines in oral fluid can provide a better indication of recent use than urine or hair. Therefore, the oral fluid specimen was useful for demonstrating phenylalkylamines abuse in the driving under the influence of drug (DUID) as an alternative specimen for urine.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.109-114
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• 2004

A sensitive method for quantitation of glimepiride in human plasma has been established using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS/MS). Glipizide was used as an internal standard. Glimepiride and internal standard in plasma sample was extracted using diethyl etherethyl acetate (1 : 1). A centrifuged upper layer was then evaporated and reconstituted with the mobile phase of acetonitrile-5 mM ammonium acetate (60:40, pH 3.0). The reconstituted samples were injected into a $C_{18}$ reversed-phase column. Using MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode, glimepiride and glipizide were detected without severe interference from human plasma matrix. Glimepiride produced a protonated precursor ion ([M+H]$^+$) at m/z 491 and a corresponding product ion at m/z 352. And the internal standard produced a protonated precursor ion ([M+H]]$^+$) at m/z 446 and a corresponding product ion at m/z 321. Detection of glimepiride in human plasma by the LC-ESI/MS/MS method was accurate and precise with a quantitation limit of 0.1 ng/mL. The validation, reproducibility, stability, and recovery of the method were evaluated. The method has been successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of glimepiride in human plasma.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.73-87
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• 1983

The matrix affects the dissolution of furosemide, which is almost insoluble in the dissolution medium. In order to understand the effect of the matrix on the dissolution of furosemide, lactose, starch, $Avicel\;^{\circledR}pH\;101$, $Avicel\;^{\circledR}pH\;301$, $SiO_2$ and talc were used as the matrix and the solvent deposition method were used. The dissolution characteristics of four dissolution medium were compared to each other using various ratio of drug-to-matrix. The results are as follows: 1) Lactose was shown to be superior and talc was to be inferior to the other matrixes investigated. 2) A maximum dissolution rate and dissolution amount of furosemide were observed in 1 : 10 ratio of the drug-to-matrix. 3) $T_{80%}$ of 1 : 10 ratio of the drug-to-matrix in pH 7.2 was 1 min. from FM-lactose and 30 min. from FM-talc. $T_{50%}$ in pH 4.2 is 2 min. from furosemide-lactose and 150 min. from furosemide-talc. Total amount of furosemide in pH 1.2 at 30 min. were enhanced 13.3 fold in furosemide-lactose and 3.5 fold in furosemide-talc compared to the control. Diuretic action of those furosemide-lactose and furosemide-talc was also evaluated by monitoring changes in urinary excretion of sodium, potassium and urine volume in rat. The accumulated urine volume were enhanced 1.7 fold in furosemide-lactose (1.5) compared to the furosemide.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.388-394
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 버섯류의 비소 및 수은 함량 실태조사를 통해 우리나라 국민이 식품으로써 버섯을 섭취할 경우의 중금속 위해성을 평가하였다. 국내 유통 버섯류 17개 품목, 536건을 분석하였으며, 비소 함량은 생물버섯의 경우 0.003(새송이)~1.952(송이) mg/kg이었고 건조버섯은 0.015(차가)~16.95(송이) mg/kg이었다. 수은 함량은 생물버섯의 경우 0.001(새송이)~0.030(송이) mg/kg이었고 건조버섯은 0.004(느타리)~0.588(송이) mg/kg이었다. 국내 유통 버섯류의 중금속 함량은 타 문헌과 유사하거나 낮은 수준이었다. 식품으로써 버섯을 섭취할 경우, 전체국민의 비소 노출량은 $0.151{\mu}g$/day으로 위해도는 0.005% 수준이었으며, 수은 노출량은 $0.022{\mu}g$/day으로 위해도는 0.071% 수준이었다. 따라서, 우리나라 국민은 국내 유통되는 버섯에 존재하는 비소 및 수은의 위해성으로부터 안전한 것으로 판단된다.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.47-50
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• 2013

An ultra-fast generic LC-MS/MS method was developed for high-throughput quantification of discovery pharmacokinetic (PK) samples and its reliability was verified. The method involves a simple protein precipitation for sample preparation and the analysis by ultra-fast generic LC-MS/MS with the ballistic gradient program and selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. Approximately 290 new chemical entities (NCEs) (over 10,000 samples) from 5 therapeutic programs were analyzed. The calibration curves showed good linearity in the concentration range of 1, 2 or 5 to 2000 ng/mL. No significant ion suppression was observed in the elution region of all the NCEs. When approximately 300 plasma samples were continuously analyzed, the peak area of internal standard was constant and reproducible. In the repeated analysis of samples, the plasma concentrations and the area under the curve (AUC) were consistent with the results from the first analysis. These results showed that the present ultra-fast generic LC-MS/MS method is reliable in terms of selectivity, sensitivity, and reproducibility and could be useful for high-throughput quantification and other bioanalysis in drug discovery.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.56-60
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• 2019

Oseltamivir is an antiviral medication prescribed to prevent and treat influenza A and B. A case from a community pharmacy in Korea was reported for an adverse event associated with oseltamivir administration. A 20-month-old boy had psychiatric symptoms after receiving 2 doses of oseltamivir. Therefore, an evaluation of whether the psychiatric symptoms were caused by oseltamivir was required. To determine whether the adverse event resulted from the administrated medication or other factors, three tools were used: the Naranjo scale, the Korean causality assessment algorithm (Ver.2), and the World Health Organization-Uppsala Monitoring Center (WHO-UMC) criteria. The psychiatric symptoms occurred after oseltamivir administration, and were attenuated after oseltamivir termination. A possible cause of the psychiatric symptoms is high fever, but information on the body temperature of the patient was not sufficient. Therefore, it was unclear whether there were other nonpharmacological causes of adverse drug reaction. For these reasons, in terms of causality, the results evaluated by the three tools represented, "possible", "probable", and "probable/likely", respectively.