• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.197-201
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• 2008

Conceptual cost estimates for domestic highway projects have generally been conducted using governmental unit-price references. Inaccuracies in governmental unit-price data has repeatedly addressed in the Korean construction industry which often lead to poor decision making and cost management practices. Thus, needs for developing a better way of conceptual cost estimating has been widely recognized. This research is considered as the first step in developing such model using real-world cost data based on actual construction activities. The data analyzed in this paper includes 41 P.S.C (Prestressed Concrete) Box bridges which broke into 4 categories based on construction methods such as I.L.M(Incremental Launching Method), M.S.S(Movable Scaffolding System), F.S.M(Full Staging Method), and F.C.M(Free Cantilever Method). Actual design documents; including actual cost estimating documents, drawings and specifications were carefully reviewed to effectively break down cost structures for PSC girder bridges. Among more than 40 cost categories for each P.S.C girder bridge type, 7 of them were identified which accounted for more than 95% of total construction cost (ILM: 99.47%, MSS: 99.22%, FSM: 98.18%, and FCM: 98.12%). In order to validate the clustering of cost categories, the variation of each cost category has been investigated which resulted in between -1.16 % and 0.59%.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.297-300
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• 2008

Since the Three Dimensional Computer Aided Design(3D CAD) appeared in 1990s, Building Information Modeling(BIM) has got the great issue in the construction project nowadays. BIM is the process of managing and generating building information during life cycle of a construction project. And information can be moved to 3D modeling flexibly in BIM. As a result, a field of estimating has also been doing researches in the calculation of the amount of building materials from 3D modeling. And the Construction Cost Estimating Software which is generally used over the world has been trying to be applied to the Construction project in Korea. But, when we consider the productivity, it is less efficient than the existing way in Korea which use the 2D Drawings when they take off the Quantity. Also, there are lots of difference how to estimate the construction cost. between Korea and the others. Because it is a bit hard to apply the software used in the other countries to the construction project in Korea, people couldn't use it well in the construction project actually. In this study, for developing the appropriate construction cost estimating software rooted in 3D in Korea, we suggest 3D CAD Add-on Program for a Quantity Take-off which can move quantitative information to 3D CAD.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.35-41
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• 2008

Recently needs for the convergence of CAD and GIS data are increasing, and many studies on converting two systems to each other are being carried out. In this study, to revise and update the building data of digital map using CAD data for construction, the outline of building is abstracted from the CAD data and the outline is generalized to the same level of detail with the building data of digital map. Several line simplification algorithms to generalize the outline are adopted and compared, especially at the view of satisfaction to the drawing rule for digital map. Douglas-Peucker algorithm, Lang's algorithm, Reumann-Witkam algorithm, and Opheim algorithm are applied as the line simplification method. To evaluate the results of these algorithms, visual assessment and variation ratio of the number of points, total length of lines, the area of polygon, and satisfaction ratio to the drawing rule of digital map are analyzed. The result of Lang algorithm and Douglas-Peucker algorithm show superior satisfaction ratio. But general satisfaction ratio is 50~60% for all algorithm. Therefore there seems to be a limit to use these algorithms for the simplification method to update the building data in digital map and it is necessary to develop line simplification algorithm which satisfy the drawing rule well.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.46
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• pp.207-231
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• 2017

Printmaking is a field of fine arts and is placed on a vague boundary that is perceived as a commercial product with a popular character due to the speciality of editions. Advances of modern science and technology has developed a new technique of printmaking, and the fusion of printmaking and computer has shown the possibility of reproduction art. Reproduction printmaking has been heavily influenced by photography and extended areas, and the various forms of printing have brought about many changes and attempts by stimulating the possibilities of indirect art at various angles. As the history of printmaking and technology closely relate, the development of computer makes widespread expansion of plural artistry, technological and artistic change. A new conceptual shape can be created on the copied image simply by placing the material of the print on the smoothly flat surface expressed in digital form. The process and the result of such work show the area of unique work which is different from the value of the $\grave{a}$ la carte art or the characteristics of the material given by the print. The deprecated perception of reproducibility evaluated the value of the work in a direct sense of printmaking. It is undeniable that it is devalued by a bundle of works regardless of the value of each edition. However, the physical properties of the prints on the paper are brought up with hand drawings drawn on the canvas by hand. And it becomes an opportunity to show new aspect and change through the process of combining digital print information on paper. The diversity of media is sometimes a controversy of identity between art and technology. In the future, it should be discussed how the limit of the media which can be enjoyed in the field of art can be set as a standard.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.329-337
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• 2011

The Acer wilsonii complex including A. wilsonii, A. tutcheri, and A. confertifoilum is distributed in southern China. Morphological variation was examined to delimit the species and to determine whether recognition at the specific level was warranted. Univariate and bivariate statistical methods, based on data taken from herbarium specimens, were used to examine morphological variation between and within species. This study showed that A. tutcheri differed from A. wilsonii by its rather short inflorescence, small leaf blades, and three leaf lobes with distinctive serrate leaf lobes. In contrast, there was virtually no separation of taxa with respect to the paniculate-corymbose or short paniculate inflorescence between A. confertifolium and A. tutcheri, suggesting that A. confertifolium morphologically resembled A. tutcheri and is a rather smaller form of it. Circumscription of Acer wilsonii has been quite troublesome, because the important holotype and isotype specimens contained different species under the same number and were misleading with respect to the correct application of the name. Furthermore, lobation is very weak within ser. Sinensia, but diversified inflorescences usually occur in China. A three lobed leaves species, A. wilsonii, represents the reduction in lobation without any modification of panicle inflorescences and seems to be closely related to A. sinense. However, A. tutcheri, which shows a reduction in panicle inflorescence with four petals and sepals, may not be closely related to A. sinense. Three lobed taxa may not correctly reflect the true relationship within ser. Sinensia. The designated lectotype of A. wilsonii, line drawings of representative leaves of related species, a key, and distribution maps of these taxa are presented.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.119-129
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• 2016

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate mental health problems in obese child and adolescent patients. We assess the frequency of mental health problems and their differences according to sex, school grade and severity of obesity. Methods: The sample consisted of 106 children and adolescents aged 8-16 years (61 boys with mean age $10.98{\pm}2.26$, 45 girls with mean age $9.74{\pm}1.96$, p=.004) who were diagnosed with obesity and recruited at the Department of Pediatrics of Jeju National University Hospital. The participants completed the Korean-Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL), Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), Korean version of the Eating Attitude Test-26 (KEAT-26), and somatotype drawings. Results: The percentage of participants having a T-score in clinical range on one or more CBCL subscale was 37.7%. The percentage of participants in the high risk group for depression (CDI score above 17) was 20.8% and that in the high risk group for eating disorder (EAT-26 score above 20) was 6%. The girls showed significantly lower CBCL T-scores in social competence ($48.39{\pm}15.66$ vs. $38.91{\pm}22.04$, p=.011), adjustment function ($49.51{\pm}17.35$ vs. $40.38{\pm}22.58$, p=.020) and school competence ($53.34{\pm}10.47$ vs. $48.22{\pm}15.11$, p=.042) than the boys, but the percentages of boys and girls in clinical range were not significantly different. The middle school students showed (significantly) higher CBCL T-scores in somatic symptoms ($60.86{\pm}9.44$ vs. $55.74{\pm}6.76$, p=.005), aggressive behavior ($58.81{\pm}6.74$ vs. $54.68{\pm}6.22$, p=.009), total problems ($59.86{\pm}9.91$ vs. $54.88{\pm}9.76$, p=.039) and externalizing problems ($57.90{\pm}10.57$ vs. $52.44{\pm}9.38$, p=.022) than the elementary school students. The severe obesity group showed significantly higher CBCL T-scores in attention problems ($59.18{\pm}9.45$ vs. $54.15{\pm}5.34$, p=.001), social problems ($59.25{\pm}8.59$ vs. $55.96{\pm}6.50$, p=.038), delinquent behavior ($58.07{\pm}6.97$ vs. $54.73{\pm}6.00$, p=.017) and total problems ($59.21{\pm}11.65$ vs. $54.67{\pm}9.03$, p=.037) than the mild to moderate obesity group. Conclusion: Significant proportions of obese children and adolescents suffer from mental health problems. Clinicians need to pay attention to the mental health risk, especially in obese adolescents and severely obese children and adolescents.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.423-434
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate preservice earth science teachers' mental models through applications of Coriolis force experiment apparatus. After the root of preconception was examined by face to face interviews based on the questionnaire, five preservice earth science teachers were finally selected for this study. The mental models about concept of Coriolis force was classified into naive mental model, static unstable mental model, dynamic unstable mental model, and scientific mental model through the result of individual interviews and their drawings. According to the mental model analysis about Coriolis' force conception, students C and M showed naive mental model about concept of Coriolis force before experiment. After the experiment, student M's model changed to static unstable mental model. Student C's model improved to dynamic unstable mental model. In adiition, students D and O's model improved from static unstable mental model to dynamic unstable mental model. In the case of student B, the dynamic unstable mental model was maintained after the experiment, however, student B's preconception changed to scientific concept. It turned out that a change occurred from low mental model level to integrated mental model after the application of the developed Coriolis' force experiment apparatus. According to the results, national curriculum is similar to static unstable mental model and the result of developed Coriolis' force experiment apparatus is similar to dynamic unstable mental model. It is suggested that it become the theoretical foundation to develop more comfortable and advanced Coriolis force experiment apparatus by improving the experiment apparatus.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.791-800
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• 2013

Needs for developing a better way of cost estimating process for public construction projects have been widely recognized. Those needs are mainly from the early phases of the project through the construction life cycle due to the its importance to the control process. In contrast to the traditional estimating method based on unit-price references, this research utilized this following process. The first step is analyzing the real cost data from actual cost activities (2000~2010) about the statement of P.S.C(Prestressed Concrete) Box Girder Bridge. The collected data was broken into four categories based on technical construction methods such as I.L.M(Incremental Launching Method), M.S.S(Movable Scaffolding System), F.S.M(Full Staging Method), and F.C.M(Free Cantilever Method). The second, actual design documents including the actual cost estimating documents, drawings and specifications were carefully reviewed to cluster the cost itemized statement from four categories. It was also attempted to seek the proper breakdown of standard works that are responsible for more than 95 percentage in each categories in terms of its cost. The third, this research comes up the index for standard unit materials and unit price of standard work and develops the approximate estimating model applying for the specification(length and breadth of bridges) per square area that the user takes as well as suggests the practical application plan within the original time alloted.

• Bulletin of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.67-94
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• 1971

Korean fisheries industry holds 57,255 boats amounting to 269,079 tons in gross as of the end of 1967. The boats of the size under 30G.T., about sixty-two per cent of the total in tonnage, are utilized in coastal and their contribution to the total production of Korean fisheries industry is estimated at over seventy-five percent. Hull forms and construction method of them are partly in transition stage to the western tradition from the oriental tradition, which employs the chine-type straight-framed section, and tick and wide wooden planking fastened on naturally bent timber frames. And only about a half of them are mechanized. About fifty-seven per cent, 7,525 boats amounting to 91,751 gross tons, of the coastal and inshore fishing boats are those of the size ranging 5G.T. to 30G.T., which are engaged mostly in draft-and gill-netting, angling, longlining, anchovy seining, squid fishing and set-netting. The important fishing boats forming main structure of the inshore fishing fleets can be classified as 5G.T.-class multi-purpose boats, 10G.T.-class angling/longlining boats and 20G.T.-class drift-/gill-netters mostly utilized in the east-sea, 15G.T.-class anchovy seiner in the south-sea-sea, 20G.T.- and 28G.T.-class stow-netters in the west sea. Each of the three sea regions, east, south, and west, of Korean water has distinctly different characters from one another in topography, geology and sea aspects, and consequently in marine resources, fishing grounds and fishing tactics desired. Hence, the finishing boats in each sea region have also their own characters in hull form, structural features, deck design and equipments. In this report, analyzing the characteristics of the existing inshore fishing boats ranging 5G.T. to 30G.T. in size from view points of naval architecture and engineering, the author made an integrated investigation of their characteristics, covering size and principal dimensions, hull form, deck design, structural features and mechanization, in close connection with the natural circumstances of Korean water and local techno-socio-economic problems, and, finally, made some suggestions for the rational improvement or modernization of the inshore fishing boats. Further details of the characteristics of Korean inshore finishing boats are referred to the drawings of them compiled by the author and given in the reference[23] listed at the end of this report.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.413-421
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• 2013

We, currently settled on the peninsula, have a long history and our ancestors lived over the vast land further to the central Asia and northern China. Normally, our ancestors traded with many countries, but they fought battles when they were on bad terms and many countries emerged and disappeared. In this history, a variety of cultures have been established and the traditional martial arts is a part of those cultures. Our martial arts has been almost severed because of the development of fire weapons in the late Chosun Dynasty, Japan's colonial rule, and 1950-53 Korean War. Fortunately, we can study the traditional martial arts from history books, the records on the martial art books and relics. Muyeadobotongji, the martial art book published in the late Chosun Dynasty, regrets the negligence of martial arts Giyae(arts) after Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 and the Manchu war of 1636 and accommodated the martial art skills from Chosun, China and Japan. It is useful for studying martial arts, because it contains detailed description and drawings, clothes and accessories, and the specification of the weapons. However, the problem is the level of Giyae of the martial arts organization and individuals based on Muyeadobotongji vary and some organizations are arguing about the numbers.