• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.159-187
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• 2010

The main purpose of this paper is to attempt an alternative measurement and analysis of poverty considering income as well as time in order to present an effective antipoverty policy. Based on Korea Welfare Panel Study (2005), the income poverty, time poverty, and double poverty of household in which householders were under 60 years were measured. Moreover this paper found that households experiencing the time poverty might be faced with additional income poverty because of the necessity to purchase care services in the market to compensate for the time. As a result of the analysis, income poverty rate is 9.5%, time poverty rate is 15.7%, and time-adjusted income poverty rate is 10.8%. And low-educated single parents with young children are more likely to experienced income as well as time poverty. Therefore, this paper proved that the 'welfare to work' policy without considering situations in household could be faced with the limit. Furthermore, this paper suggests that social welfare policy should aim at minimizing the tradeoffs among different works and activities, and then support to improve the quality of life.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.223-226
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• 2017

Purpose: This study examined two trunk strategies - medio-lateral ramp and anterior-posterior ram - and their effects on pelvis and trunk movements, providing basic material for safe ramp utilization. Methods: The present study included 20 asymptomatic males recruited from a local university. Participants were asked to stand with their feet shoulder-width apart. Their dorsal side faced the camera, and measurements were performed while standing in a neutral double stance, one leg stance, $15^{\circ}$ of medial and lateral ramp, and $15^{\circ}$ of anterior and posterior ramp. Participants were allowed to practice for 3 minutes, and each participant had a 30 seconds rest between the two ramp conditions. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to determine the effects the ramp conditions on spinal alignment. In all analyses, p<0.05 was used to indicate statistical significance. Results: The trunk-inclination angle on the posterior ramp was significantly lower than that of the double stance position (p<0.05). The trunk imbalance angle was significantly higher on the medial ramp, than that on the double stance position (p<0.05). The pelvic position and pelvic torsion angles were significantly higher in the medial, lateral, and anterior ramp positions than that of the double stance position (p<0.05). The pelvic rotation angles on the medial, lateral, and anterior ramps were significantly lower than that of the double stance position (p<0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that when people are exposed to the same form of ramp for an extended period, posture modifications may be triggered.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1327-1336
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• 2012

In this paper, the dual-faced monopole antenna, which is arranged by numerous rectangular ring patches in sequence for the multi-bands is proposed. The ring type structure of the patch can be increased the bandwidth. Therefore the bandwidth and beam width are improved by using multiple arrayed patches. When the ring type patches are inserted serially, the resonance frequencies are occurred by the current flow from the first ring patch. It is possible because the gap between the patches is very narrow. In addition, if the patches are composed on the same plane as the feed-line, fabrication could be very difficult because the gap between the patches is extremely narrow. The thickness and permittivity of the antenna, moreover, are very important parameters because both sides of the substrate are used. We finally found the optimal thickness and permittivity to generate the coupling effect by simulation. All patches are consisted of 4-steps which the patch size was decreased 85 % by each step. In conclusion, the resonant frequency bands are 1.75~2.6 GHz(850 MHz), 3.24~3.46 GHz(220 MHz), 3.8~4.0 GHz(200 MHz), and 4.4~4.9 GHz(500 MHz).

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.81-96
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• 2011

This study analyzed the time use of dual income paid workers. The data was selected from the '2009 Korean Time Use Survey' by the Korean National Statistical Office. There were 2799 respondents who were paid workers with dual income. There were big differences in time use between men and women. The result showed that men's time allocation focused on 'labor and leisure' and women's time allocation focused on ‘labor and housework'. This means the women among dual income paid workers faced difficulties in dual burden of work-family balance. Regression analysis on time use dividing men and women showed that age, education, income, working type and the presence of preschool children had significant effects on time allocation. We found the income effects on time use which reduced paid working time and increased housework and leisure time. Significantly, younger men who have preschool children spend more time in housework. We could find the possibility of a change in men's time allocation.

• Language and Information
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.9-20
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• 2001

Barker (1997) has argued that all the three approaches to anaphora, namely, E-type theories, Discourse Representation Theory, and Dynamic Semantics, are faced with the so-called 'double-bind' problem in the quantifier/variable-binding model of anaphora. Recently, in the same journal, Slater (2000) has claimed that the so-called epsilon account (Slater 1991, 1993, 1994, 1997) handles the problem without any difficulty. However, it will be proposed in this paper that the epsilon account has its own problems in handling the quantifier/variable-binding, and that as argued in Yoon (1998), the so-called‘conjunctive paraphrase’account is the correct solution to the problem, which is intuitively supported as well.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.32-39
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• 2023

One of the main problems faced in developing India's first HTS power cable was that of shrinkage in length of the double-walled vacuum-insulated cryostat. The shrinkage was due to the evacuation of the annular vacuum space which results in a shorter working cable length. This work reports experimentally observed contraction during evacuation and analyses corrugated pipes/bellows which house the cable core of HTS cables. The effect of corrugation geometry including length, corrugation pitch and depth, diameters of corrugated pipes and thicknesses of pipes is studied numerically to realize the degree of shrinkage due to vacuum as well as chill down. Finally, necessary length compensation and associated cost is determined to tackle the shrinkage issue.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.198-210
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• 1997

To examine the double-faced thymoleptic(antidepressant and antimanic) effects of risperidone in mood disorders, this article reviews the psychotropic-induced mania, thymoleptic effects of antipsychotics, therapeutic effects of risperidone and risperidone(RIS)-induced mania(RIM) in mood disorders, risk factors of RIM, possible neurochemical mechanism of these thymoleptic effects, pathophysiological and clinical significance of thymoleptic effects, and suggestive clinical guideline of RIS in mood disorders. RIS appeared effective for bipolar disorder at a lower dose than that recommended for schizophrenia, especially in the cases of maintenance of mood stabilizers, and gradual titration from low doses. Manic induction/exacerbation can occur by chance during RIS treatment in mood disorders, schizoaffective disorders, and schizophrenias. The possible risk factors for RIM are refractory mood disorder, especially in bipolar I disorder with poor initial response ; refractory schizoaffective disorders, especially in bipolar type with poor initial response ; refractory chronic schizophrenias, especially with initial responses ; psychotic features ; higher initial doses ; rapid titration ; combined therapy with antidepressants in refractory depression ; and RIS monotherapy in mania/hypomania. RIS is a drug that preferentially block 5-HT2 receptors. The effects of low dose are due mainly to the blockade of 5-HT2 receptors. There are more gradual increase in D2 blockade with increasing dose and this D2 blocking properties become apparent at higher doses. This may be related to a modulation of dopaminergic transmission by 5-HT2 antagonism at lower doses with the direct action of RIS on DA receptors coming into play at higher dose. The serotonergic antagonistic effect may be important for its effects on depressive symptoms. This, together with adequate blo-ckade of D2 receptors, may not necessarily lead to destabilization of mood disorder, but rather to more therapeutic effects. Therefore, this dose-receptor affinity relationship with both antidepressant and antimanic effects according to treatment duration can explain a continuum of antidepressant effect, antimanic effect, behavioral stimulation, and manic/hypomanic induction/exacerbation. It was the recognition of a useful psychiatric side effects by a thoughtful observer with fertile minds that led to their ultimate utilization as psychotropic drugs, i.e., phenothiazine, MAOI, TCA, and lithium. And, in vivo pharmacological challenge by novel psychotropics, as a neurochemical probe, with more specific actions is a useful tool to select pharmacologically homogeneous subgroup of the same phenotypical(clinical) condition, to further study the unknown underlying pathogenesis of various mental illnesses. Finally, RIS may be a useful alternative or adjunctive drug for patients with mood disorders without psychotic features or refractory to treatment with standard antipsychotic drugs. The more conservative doses(tirated slowly from 1-3 mg/d) of RIS, and maintenance of mood stabilizer in the cases with risk factors of RIM are recommended in mood disorder.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.73
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• pp.415-444
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• 2018

This study was designed to analyze the delivery patterns of early(1900-1945) letters from the beginning of the postal service in order to examine the process of establishing the modern postal system after the constitution of the Postal Service(1884). In Chapter 2, we examined the 'change of the way letters are delivered', Chapter 3 is about the 'change of expression' and Chapter 4 is about 'double-faced of the post'. In the examination of aspects of changing the way letters were delivered, the phase of postal delivery by personal delivery to postal delivery were divided into three phases: [the period of personal delivery delivery] > [the coexistence period of personal delivery and postal deliveryy] > [the period of postal delivery]. In particular, it was interesting to see that the same sender and receiver mixed up postal delivery and personal delivery by the case in the second period. In addition, the functional differences between the express, telegram and particular post were found in the examination fo contents of the letter. In the examination of aspects of changing in expression, a change of common expression in 'greeting, ending, and receiving expressions' were confirmed. Also, it was confirmed that 'woo-pyeon' was not used as the basic term, but instead replaced with various terms, and that 'woo' was used independently and productively. In the double-faced aspects of post, there were disadvantages of the postal delivery such as 'discontent of the lost' and 'security of confidentiality', despite the advantages of 'economic, rapid, and long-distance delivery'. Because the disadvantage of postal delivery could be supplemented by personal delivery, postal delivery and personal delivery could coexist for a considerable period of time.

• Journal of the Korean Professional Engineers Association
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.12-24
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• 1982

East Parts of Bangladesh have been benifited by low cost energy generated by domestic natural gas but West parts where energy generated by imported fuel. Bangladesh Government authority has very much concerned to transmit the low cost electricity to the West from the East for past several years. To solve such concerns, cross-country 230kv double circuits Power transmission line was proposed, however there was a big obstacle for the realization of this line to cross the Jamuna river which has 12 km long width with a deep muddy river bed. A consultant engineering firm named Merz-Mclellan anyway finalized this plan and a world-wide bid was announced on June 31, 1979. Due to the expected difficulty to construct the towers on sea like area, only three construction groups have participated. including a Korean joint venture organization of Samsung-Korean Developement corporation-Kolon Electric Machinery company. After 3 months bid evaluation, contract was awarded to Korean Consosium and KEM Co was in charge of designing steel towers with anchor bolts and base plates beside to electrical engineering field. Then KEM Co have faced and over-comed many unenpected technical difficulties such as forced eccentricity joint on base plate, distorsion issue of 60mm thick plates welding, threading anchor bolts, tad heat treatment of some anchor bolts, disagreement from Consultant Engineer on multiplying factor of leg stresses for 45$^{\circ}$ wind and on reducing O.L.F for wind loads on cables for such 1220km long spans. After spending two years long period for designing and engineering towers, base plates, and anchor bolts, first shipment of tower was finally realized on Nov. 8, 1981 and on the other hand KDD has proceeded concrete caisson work on schedule at Jamuna river site and expected to complete tower erection and stringing of cables within this year of 1982 which was original completion target.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.11 no.1 s.29
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• pp.49-64
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• 2002

The recently published papers and essays regarding 'tectonic' bring us to rumination of its importance on comprehending modern architectural process. Many architectural theorists may seem to seek the substance of architecture through the discussion of 'tectonic' for the purpose of overcoming the dilemma of representation which can be easily found in modern architectural forms. Their emphasizing on its double-faced aspect as the manner of representation, that is semantic and aesthetic, may imply the significance of philosophical approach especially to the recent architectural phenomena. From this point, it ought to be meaningful to manifest etymological connection between the terms with semantic analysis and interpret the substance and ontological meaning of 'tectonic' referring Martin Heidegger's existential philosophy. Besides the works of Carlo Scarpa, that are known as the art of making, are exampled to prove the way how the ontological meaning of practical act is exposed on an artwork. The idea of 'tectonic' connotes not only technological aspect as construction of form and space, but also ontological aspect as joint or detail, that is the result of logos. The 'tectonic' means etymologically 'joint' having double-meaning structure, technology and aesthetics. It means 'detail' as minimum units of architectural form and as sites where making relationship or connection takes place in the way of ontological apprehension. The 'detail' as the place of innovation and invention implies the culture of an area, and expresses craftsmanship, which modem architecture buries in oblivion. This study aims to deviate from the aesthetical commercialization in which the modern architecture tends to fall, and further, propose the possible way to succeed traditional locality in an epistemological point of view.