• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
• /
• 2003.09a
• /
• pp.392-394
• /
• 2003

There is a well-known simple, stable standard merge algorithm, which uses only linear time but for the price of double space. This extra space consumption has been often remarked as lack of the standard merge sort algorithm that covers a merge process as central operation. In-place merging is a way to overcome this lack and so is a topic with a long tradition of inspection in the area of theoretical computer science. We present an in-place merging algorithm that rear-ranges the elements to be merged by rotation, a special form of block interchanging. Our algorithm is novel, due to its technique of determination of the rotation-areas. Further it has a short and transparent definition. We will give a presentation of our algorithm and prove that it needs in the worst case not more than twice as much comparisons as the standard merge algorithm. Experimental work has shown that our algorithm is efficient and so might be of high practical interest.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
• /
• v.3 no.1
• /
• pp.17-28
• /
• 1994

A statistical procedure is developed to estimate the relative difference between two parameters each obtained from either true model or approximate model. Double sample procedure is applied to find the additional number of simulation runs satisfying the preassigned absolute precision of the confidence interval. Two types of parameters, mean and standard deviation, are considered as the performance measures and tried to show the validity of the model by examining both queues and inventory systems. In each system it is assumed that there are three distinct means and their own standard deviations and they form the simultaneous confidence intervals but with control in the sense that the absolute precision for each confidence interval is bounded on the limits with preassigned confidence level. The results of this study may contribute to some situations, for instance, first, we need a statistical method to compare the effectiveness between two alternatives, second, we find the adquate number of replications with any level of absolute precision to avoid the unrealistic cost of running simulation models, third, we are interested in analyzing the standard deviation of the output measure, ..., etc.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.145-156
• /
• 2007

This paper is to propose model classification and evaluation of measurement uncertainty. In order to obtain type A and B uncertainty, variety of measurement mathematical models are illustrated by example. The four steps to evaluate expanded uncertainty are indicated as following; First, to get type A standard uncertainty, measurement mathematical models of single, double, multiple, design of experiment and serial autocorrelation are shown. Second, to solve type B standard uncertainty measurement mathematical models of empirical probability distributions and multivariate are presented. Third, type A and B combined uncertainty, considering sensitivity coefficient, linearity and correlation are discussed. Lastly, expanded uncertainty, considering degree of freedom for type A, B uncertainty and coverage factor are presented with uncertainty budget. SPC control chart to control expanded uncertainty is shown.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
• /
• 2013.11a
• /
• pp.39-48
• /
• 2013

Recently, the using of prefabricated temporary equipments is increasing in the industrial field because it can reduce the installation and dismantling period. The various types of prefabricated temporary equipments are manufacturing with various materials in domestic and overseas countries. However, those equipments should win the safety certificate according to the "Governmental Notification about Safety Certification" which regulate the member-based safety certification. It tends to cause over performance of temporary equipments because it couldn't consider structural benefit of the prefabricated products. As the result of this study, it is concluded that the establishment of new safety certification standard for the prefabricated temporary equipments is resonable and the movable scaffold is appropriate for those prefabricated temporary equipment. The movable scaffolds are using as single structure and cannot be expands horizontally. Other types of temporary equipments are using as complex structure which can freely expand horizontally according to the main structure. From the results of the study, the standard of vertical compression performance of prefabricated movable scaffolds should be more than double the performance of single main frame. Other test items of safety certification standard should be fixed when the Notification is amended. The prefabricated temporary equipments which are adopted for the safety standard on assembled structure should be used, moved and kept in assembled state and not separated discretionally. The establishment of new standard for the assembled structure based on this study leads to the development of various types of temporary equipments using structural efficiency of prefabricated structure.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.88-92
• /
• 1995

Higly pure silicon crystals with an almost perfect lattice structure constityte a powerful metrological tool. The streographic standard prohection for the (111) orientation of diamond structure found by the Laue method shows angles between net planes of 60°. This value is known to be certain to some 10-8 rad. We have made a six-faced silicon polygon, and the (220) lattice planes of the polygon act as a reference angular standard. The information of angles between lattice planes could be taken by the X-ray diffraction. The angle of the rotary encoder have been calibrated using the silicon angle standard. The X-ray optics was double crystal arrangement.

• Advances in Computational Design
• /
• v.4 no.4
• /
• pp.327-342
• /
• 2019

Rehabilitation and retrofitting of structures designed in accordance to standard design codes is an essential practice in structural engineering and design. For steel structures, one of the challenges is to strengthen the panel zone as well as its analysis in moment-resisting frames. In this research, investigations were undertaken to analyze the influence of the panel zone in the response of structural frames through a computational approach using ETABS software. Moment-resisting frames of six stories were studied in supposition of real panel zone, different values of rigid zone factor, different thickness of double plates, and both double plates and rigid zone factor together. The frames were analyzed, designed and validated in accordance to Iranian steel building code. The results of drift values for six stories building models were plotted. After verifying and comparing the results, the findings showed that the rigidity lead to reduction in drifts of frames and also as a result, lower rigidity will be used for high rise building and higher rigidity will be used for low rise building. In frames with story drifts more than the permitted rate, where the frames are considered as the weaker panel zone area, the story drifts can be limited by strengthening the panel zone with double plates. It should be noted that higher thickness of double plates and higher rigidity of panel zone will result in enhancement of the non-linear deformation rates in beam elements. The resulting deformations of the panel zone due to this modification can have significant influence on the elastic and inelastic behavior of the frames.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.327-332
• /
• 2022

In building envelope, transparent components play an important role. The structural glazing systems are the weak element of the casing in terms of mechanical resistance, thermal and acoustic insulation. In the present work, new structural glass panels with granular aerogel in interspace were investigated from different points of view. In particular, the mechanical characterization was carried out in order to assess the resistance to bending of the single glazing pane. To this end, a special instrument system was built to define an alternative configuration of the coaxial double ring test, able to predict the fracture strength of glass large samples (400 × 400 mm) without overpressure. The thermal and lighting performance of an innovative double-glazing façade with granular aerogel was evaluated. An experimental campaign at pilot scale was developed: it is composed of two boxes of about 1.60 × 2 m² and 2 m high together with an external weather station. The rooms, identical in terms of size, construction materials, and orientation, are equipped with a two-wing window in the south wall surface: the first one has a standard glazing solution (double glazing with air in interspace), the second room is equipped with the innovative double-glazing system with aerogel. The indoor mean air temperature and the surface temperature of the glass panes were monitored together with the illuminance data for the lighting characterization. Finally, a brief energy characterization of the performance of the material was carried out by means of dynamic simulation models when the proposed solution is applied to real case studies.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.179-185
• /
• 2001

Throughout the world, physical and chemical analyses of horticultural substrates are carried out in many different ways at the different laboratories. In Europe, standardization in properties and analytical methods of horticultural substrates has been a topic over the last decades. As a result, the CEN methods as European standard methods for the physical and chemical analyses were introduced and the final draft was reported in 1999 by CEN(Committee for European Standardization). Dry matter and moisture content are analyzed after drying samples at $103^{\circ}C$. Laboratory compacted bulk density is analyzed by determining the weight of sample compacted in the test cylinder with constant volume. Dry bulk density, particle density, total pore space, water volume, air volume and volume shrinkage are determined by saturating, draining and drying the sample using double rings and a sand suction table. pH and EC are analyzed by 1:5(sample:distilled water) extraction method on the basis of volume. Organic matter and ash content are determined after drying and combusting the samples. Now, CEN methods are being regarded almost as European standard methods. Further study needs to be carried out for universal applicability of the CEN methods to all the substrates.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.272-277
• /
• 2014

At present, the index of chemical oxygen demand (COD) is widely used as an indicator of organic water pollution with biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). But, traditional COD measurement method are not only with various chemical reagents exhausted, but also long time consumed, the operation procedure and the modification are much professional. This paper reported a novel COD measurement system using double-beam and multiple wavelength analysis UV-VIS spectrometries. It consists of pulsed xenon lamp, two-way optical fiber, optical switch, spectrometer and main processor. Proposed COD measurement system obtains any spectral information of water sample (KHP standard sample and two river water and wastewater) and reference sample (distilled water) in the range of 200~520 nm, corresponding to the COD concentration from 0 to 300 mg/L through calculating the UV absorbance. The system show improved precision and can work continuously fast at time interval about 25 seconds.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.72.1-72.1
• /
• 2014

In the Joseon Dynasty, A day divided into 100 gak (刻, approximately a quarter) or 12 Sijin (時辰, double hours) that was composed of half-Sijin as Cho (初, beginnings of double hours) and Jeong (正, mid-points double hours). The timekeeping system was changed from 100 gak to 96 gak with using $sh{\acute{i}}xi{\grave{a}}n$ calendar (時憲曆) in 1654. And then 12 Sijin was changed to the 24-hours system in the same manner as current with the enforcement of the solar calendar (太陽曆) in 1896. We examine the record of the timekeeping system and notation of hours from the astronomical almanacs and official gazettes during 50 years after 1896. The Korean Empire Government first adopted the standard meridian of the Gyeongseong (former name of the Seoul in Korea) in 1908. However the mean solar time was applied to the almanac since 1913. After 1896, the year of enforcement of the solar calendar, the expression of times on a Korean almanac was written with O-jeon (午前, morning) and O-hu (午後, afternoon). The definition of 1day 24-hours system was first stated by the legislation in 1900. The expression of times was used 24 hours without O-jeon and O-hu in 1916. In daily life, the 24-hours system has used in parallel with 12-hours system divided into morning and afternoon even today.