• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.160-169
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• 2021

Background: Dual-energy X-ray images (DEI) can distinguish or improve materials of interest in a two-dimensional radiographic image, by combining two images obtained from separate low and high energies. The concepts of DEI performance describing the performance of double-exposure DEI systems in the Fourier domain been previously introduced, however, the performance of double-exposure DEI itself in terms of various parameters, has not been reported. Materials and Methods: To investigate the DEI performance, signal-difference-to-noise ratio, modulation transfer function, noise power spectrum, and noise equivalent quanta were used. Low- and high-energy were 60 and 130 kVp with 0.01-0.09 mGy, respectively. The energy-separation filter material and its thicknesses were tin (Sn) and 0.0-1.0 mm, respectively. Noise-reduction (NR) filtering used the Gaussian-filter NR, median-filter NR, and anti-correlated NR. Results and Discussion: DEI performance was affected by Sn-filter thickness, weighting factor, and dose allocation. All NR filtering successfully reduced noise, when compared with the dual-energy (DE) images without any NR filtering. Conclusion: The results indicated the significance of investigating, and evaluating suitable DEI performance, for DE images in chest radiography applications. Additionally, all the NR filtering methods were effective at reducing noise in the resultant DE images.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.147-159
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• 1995

This study was conducted to introduce fundamental data of hand-arm vibration and noise exposure levels with impact wrenches(double-hammer impact wrenches and oil-pulse impact wrenches) used in automobile assembly lines considering the process variables and tool variables. In studing, products per day, required time screwing the bolts or nuts per bolts or nut were considered as process variables, and capacity of bolts or nuts, air consumptions per minute, tool weights, RPM were considered as tool variables. Hand-arm vibration levels of 3 axis in each hand were measured using the instruments compling with ISO/DIS 5349 and noise levels were measured using a noise logging dosimeter. The results were as follows : 1. Required time to screwing the bolt or nut by oil-pulse impact wrenches is shorter than double-hammer impact wrenches but total daily exposure time of oil-pulse impact wrenches was higher than double-hammer impact wrenches because the number of bolts or nuts per cycle was many. 2. Oil-pulse impact wrenches have been used to screwing the large bolt or nut in comparing with double-hammer impact wrenches and required time to screwing the bolts or nuts were shorter than double-hammer impact wrenches because oil-pulse impact wrenches were using high RPM and large air consumption per minute. Noise level of oil-pulse impact wrenches was 8 dB(A) lower than double-hammer impact wrenches. 3. Dominant hand-arm vibration levels of double-hammer impact wrenches in each hand were $8.24m/sec^2$ of Zh axis in right hand and $9.60m/sec^2$ of Xh axis in left hand. Dominant hand-arm vibration level of oil-pulse impact wrenches in each hand was $2.59m/sec^2$ of Xh axis in right hand and $3.23m/sec^2$ of Yh axis in left hand. 4. In double-hammer impact wrenches, corresponding hand-arm vibration levels of Xh, Yh, Zh axis in left hand were higher than hand-arm vibration levels of right hand in 3 axis. In oil-pulse impact wrenches, Xh axis of right, Yh axis of left, Zh axis of left were higher than the corresponding hand-arm vibration levels of Xh, Yh, Zh axis in right and left hand. 5. Correlation coefficients among Xh, Yh. Zh axis of right and left hand hand-arm vibration levels in double-hammer impact wrenches and oil-pulse impact wrenches were commonly high in Yh axis and correlation coefficients of Yh axis in double-hammer impact wrenches and oil-pulse impact wrenches were 0.76 and 0.86,respectively. 6. As a measure repetitiveness, plotting total daily exposure time with the number of bolts or nut per cycle, direct correlation was shown between repetitiveness and hand-arn vibration exposure, and correlation coefficient between the number of bolts or nut per cycle and total daily exposure time in double-hammer impact wrenches, oil-pulse impact wrenches were 0.84 and 0.50, respectively. 7. Considering the total acceleration level and tool variables in double-hammer impact wrenches and oil-pulse impact wrenches, air consumption in right hand, and bolt or nut capacity in left hand were commonly the variable that explainability was high. Considering the noise and tool variables in double-hammer impact wrenches and oil-pulse impact wrenches, air consumption per minute was commonly the variable that explainability was high.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회논문집E
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• pp.530-535
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• 2001

Variations of temperature field in a Hele-Shaw convection cell (HSC) were measured using a holographic interferometry with varying Rayleigh number. Experimental results show a steady flow pattern at low Rayleigh numbers and a time-dependent periodic flow at high Rayleigh numbers. Especially, the period of oscillation at $Ra = 6.35{\times}10^6$ was 62 seconds. Two different measurement methods of holographic interferometry, double-exposure method and real-time method, were employed to measure the temperature field variations of HSC convective flow. In the double-exposure method, unwanted waves can be eliminated and reconstruction images are clear, but transient flow structure cannot be observed clearly. On the other hand, transient flow can be observed and reconstructed well using the real-time method. However, the fringe patterns reconstructed by the real-time method contain more noise, compared with the double-exposure method. The two holographic interferometer techniques employed complementary in this study were proved to be useful for analyzing the temperature field variations of unsteady thermal fluid flows.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제25권11호
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• pp.1624-1631
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• 2001

Variations of temperature field in a Hele-Shaw convection cell (HSC) were measured using a holographic interferometry with varying Rayleigh number. Experimental results show a steady flow pattern at low Rayleigh numbers and a time-dependent periodic flow at high Rayleigh numbers. Especially, the period of oscillation at Ra = 6.35 $\times$ 10$^{6}$ was 62 seconds. Two different measurement methods of holographic interferometry, double-exposure method and real-time method, were employed to measure the temperature field variations of HSC convective flow. In the double-exposure method, unwanted waves can be eliminated and reconstruction images are clear, but transient flow structure cannot be observed clearly. On the other hand, transient flow can be observed and reconstructed well using the real-time method. However, the fringe patterns reconstructed by the real-time method contain more noise, compared with the double-exposure method. The two holographic interferometer techniques employed complementary in this study were proved to be useful fur analyzing the temperature field variations of unsteady thermal fluid flows.

• 소음진동
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.247-256
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• 1995

In this paper, double exposure holographic interferometry using ruby pulse laser is formed in order to investigate the propagation of transient waves. The vibration characteristics according to the change of impact load direction, i.e., impacted in the shear direction and in the normal direction are analyzed. It was observed that the macroscopic trends of transient wave generation and propagation in the assembly of precipitator plates were almost similar regardless of the change of impact load direction. But the propagation and mixing of transient wave was advanced relatively slowly when impacted in the normal direction.

• 한국방사선학회논문지
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.941-946
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• 2019

환자의 진단 및 치료를 결정할 때 전산화단층촬영 (computed tomography; CT)은 우수한 해부학 정보를 제공하기 때문에 진단에 큰 도움이 되어 있다. 그에 따른 사용빈도가 증가하고 있으며, 활용 및 응용범위도 확대되어가는 추세이다. 저관전압을 사용해서 CT 검사를 하면 노이즈가 증가한다. 기존의 여러 연구에서는 영상재구성법에 대한 노출조건을 조절하는 방법 등을 시도해서 최적의 화질을 찾는 방법을 찾고 있으나 근본적 문제해결은 되지 못한다. 입력 영상의 신호를 유지하고 노이즈만을 최대한 제거하기 위해서 이중 트리웨이블릿 알고리즘을 적용하였다. 실험결과 100kVp, 회전시간 0.5sec의 영상에서 complex oriented 2d 방을 사용 할 경우 노이즈는 8.53에서 4.51로 줄어들었다. 본 연구를 통해서 저관전압 두부 CT에서 발생하는 높은 수준의 노이즈를 최적의 노이즈제거 알고리즘으로 노이즈를 제거하고 환자선 량을 낮출 수 있었다. 본 연구결과를 임상에서 사용 시 저선량의 CT 사용이 가능하고 환자 피폭을 줄일 것으로 판단한다.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.138-145
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• 2015

환경 소음의 무절제한 노출이 청력 손실로 이어질 수 있다는 보고는 익히 알려져 있지만, 지하철 실내 소음과 휴대용 음향기기 음량에 따른 이중 소음 노출에 대한 탑승객들의 청력 손실 여부는 많은 연구들에서 여전히 진행 중이다. 본 연구는 지하철 실내 소음 하에서 탑승객들이 이어폰을 이용하여 개인음향기기 사용 시 음향 반사 역치와 소음속 어음인지도가 어떻게 변화하는 지 확인하고자 하였다. 20대의 젊은 건청 성인 40명을 대상으로 실험 그룹과 대조그룹으로 각각 20명씩 구분하였다. 실험 전 모든 대상자에게 5개의 주파수에서 음향반사역치검사와 0, -5 dB SNR에서 문장검사를 실시하였다. 실험 그룹은 60분간 73.45 dBA의 실제 서울도심지하철의 평균 실내 소음 강도를 들으며 개인별 선호 음량으로 이어폰을 통해 좋아하는 음악을 들었고, 대조그룹은 동일강도의 지하철 소음에만 노출된 채 신문 혹은 잡지를 읽었다. 60분간의 지하철 소음 노출 후 음향반사역치검사와 소음 속 문장검사를 재실시하여 기준선과 비교하였다. 소음 노출 전 후 비교 시, 두 그룹 간 음향반사역치는 유의미한 차이가 없었다. 그러나 소음 속 문장 검사결과에서는 실험 그룹의 어음인지도가 소음 노출 후 유의하게 하락하였다. 본 결과를 근거로 지하철 탑승객이 일정기간 동안 지하철 실내 소음에 노출된 채 반복적으로 음악을 듣는 습관이 지속될 시 일시적인 어음인지력 저하의 위험이 예상 될 것이라고 생각한다.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 2000년도 추계종합학술대회 논문집(2)
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• pp.17-20
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• 2000

We have enhanced the yield of 0.25 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ T-gate $Al_{0.25}$G $a_{0.75}$As/I $n_{0.2}$G $a_{0.8}$As P-HEMT using three-layer E-beam lithography process and selective etching process. The three-layer resist structure (PMMA/copolymer/ PMMA=2000 $\AA$/3000 $\AA$/2000 $\AA$) and three developers (Benzene：IPA=1：1,Methanol：IPA =1：1,MIBK：IPA=1：3) were used for fabrication of a wide-head T-gate by the conventional double E-beam exposure technology. Also 1 wt% citric acid： $H_2O$$_2$：N $H_{4}$OH(200m1：4ml：2.2ml) solution were used for uniform gate recess. The etching selectivity of GaAs over $Al_{0.25}$G $a_{0.75}$As is measured to be 80. So these P-HEMT processes can be used in X-band MMIC LNA fabrication.ion.ion.ion.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 1995년도 춘계학술대회논문집; 전남대학교, 19 May 1995
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• pp.313-317
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• 1995

최근 환경오염이 심각한 사회문제로 대두됨에 따라 환경오염원을 제거하기 위한 여러 가지의 집진장치가 개발되고 있는데 화력발전소에서는 건식정전집진장치(dry electrostatic precipitator)를 이용하고 있다. 건식정전집진장치는 햄머(hammer) 방식의 충격장치를 설치하여 집진극과 방전극에 충격을 가함으로써 충격력을 극대화시키고 높은 분진박리 효과를 꾀하고 있는데 환경오염원이 되고 있는 집진판의 분진의 분리율을 높이기 위해서는 집진판의 전체 영역에서 분진을 동일하게 떨어뜨릴 수 있는 충격장치가 설계되어야 하는데, 이를 위해서는 충격하중에 따른 집진판의 진동 형태를 정확하게 분석하여야 한다. 본 연구에서는 집진판의 충격하중에 따른 진동의 형태를 분석하기 위해 펄스 레이저를 이용한 2중 노출 홀로그래피 시스템을 구성하였다. 홀로그래픽 간섭계는 이미 오래 전에 개발된 레이저 응용 계측기법으로서 주로 정현적인 진동을 하는 진동체의 진동 현상을 연구하는 데에 많이 사용되어 왔는데 그 기술 개발은 상당한 수준에 있다. 그러나 종래의 기술들은 주로 헬륨-네온(He-Ne)레이저와 같은 연속 레이저(continuous wave laser)를 이용한 기술들인데 최근에는 루비(ruby) 레이저와 같은 펄스 레이저 (pulse laser)를 이용한 기술이 많이 응용되고 있다. 이 펄스 레이저 홀로그래픽 간섭계를 Gottenberg는 응력파에 의해서 발생된 변형을 측정하기 위해 사용하였고 Aprahamian등은 보(beam)와 평판의 굽힘파(bending wave)의 전파 특성 연구에 이용하였다. 그 실험적 결과는 수치적 해석 결과와 비교되어 매우 좋은 일치성을 보였는데 이러한 펄스 레이져 홀로그래픽 간섭계 기법의 주요 장점은 어떠한 특정한 순간에 관찰하고자 하는 시험편의 전체 영역의 파동 전파 형상을 관찰할 수 있다는 것이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 펄스 레이저를 응용한 2중 노출 홀로그래피법(double exposure holography method)을 이용해서 집진판에 충격하중이 가해졌을 때 발생하는 진동이 발생과 전파 특성을 충격하중의 방향에 따라서 분석하였다.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.1119-1129
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• 2018

Objective: To compare the image quality of low-tube-voltage and low-iodine-concentration-contrast-medium (LVLC) computed tomography urography (CTU) with iterative reconstruction (IR) with that of conventional CTU. Materials and Methods: This prospective, multi-institutional, randomized controlled trial was performed at 16 hospitals using CT scanners from various vendors. Patients were randomly assigned to the following groups: 1) the LVLC-CTU (80 kVp and 240 mgI/mL) with IR group and 2) the conventional CTU (120 kVp and 350 mgI/mL) with filtered-back projection group. The overall diagnostic acceptability, sharpness, and noise were assessed. Additionally, the mean attenuation, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and figure of merit (FOM) in the urinary tract were evaluated. Results: The study included 299 patients (LVLC-CTU group: 150 patients; conventional CTU group: 149 patients). The LVLC-CTU group had a significantly lower effective radiation dose ($5.73{\pm}4.04$ vs. $8.43{\pm}4.38mSv$) compared to the conventional CTU group. LVLC-CTU showed at least standard diagnostic acceptability (score ${\geq}3$), but it was non-inferior when compared to conventional CTU. The mean attenuation value, mean SNR, CNR, and FOM in all pre-defined segments of the urinary tract were significantly higher in the LVLC-CTU group than in the conventional CTU group. Conclusion: The diagnostic acceptability and quantitative image quality of LVLC-CTU with IR are not inferior to those of conventional CTU. Additionally, LVLC-CTU with IR is beneficial because both radiation exposure and total iodine load are reduced.