• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.1109-1126
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• 2016

The present paper focuses on size optimization of double layer barrel vaults considering nonlinear behavior. In order to tackle the optimization problem an improved colliding bodies optimization (ICBO) algorithm is proposed. The important task that should be achieved before optimization of structural systems is to determine the best form having the least cost. In this study, an attempt is done to find the best form then it is optimized considering linear and non-linear behaviors. In the optimization process based on nonlinear behavior, the geometrical and material nonlinearity effects are included. A large-scale double layer barrel vault is presented as the numerical example of this study and the obtained results indicate that the proposed ICBO has better computational performance compared with other algorithms.

• Ceramist
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.19-28
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• 2018

Coulomb drag is an effective probe into interlayer interaction between two electron systems in close proximity. For example, it can be a measure of momentum, phonon, or energy transfer between the two systems. The most exotic phenomenon would be when bosonic indirect excitons (electron-hole pairs) are formed in double layer systems where electrons and holes are populated in the opposite layers. In this review, we present various drag phenomena observed in different double layer electron systems, e.g. GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures and two-dimensional material based heterostructures. In particular, we address the different behavior of Coulomb drag depending on its origin such as momentum or energy transfer between the two layers and exciton condensation. We also discuss why it is difficult to achieve electron-hole pairs in double layer electron systems in equilibrium.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.192-196
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• 2002

Ionic liquids based on l-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cation $(EMI^+)$ and inorganic or organic anions containing fluorine atoms were applied to electrolyte materials for double-layer capacitors. The double-layer capacitors composed of a pair of activated carbon electrodes and an ionic liquid selected from $EMIBF_4,\; EMINbF_6,\;EMITaF_6,\;EMICF_3SO_3,\;EMI(CF_3SO_2)_2N,\;and\;EMI(C_2F_5SO_2)_2N$ showed inferior low-temperature characteristics to those of a conventional nonaqueous electrolyte based on propylene carbonate (PC) solvent. On the other hand, the capacitor using $EMIF{\cdot}2.3HF$ showed excellent low-temperature characteristics due to its high conductivity at low temperatures, however, it had a lower working voltage $(\~2V)$ than the conventional nonaqueous counterpart $(\~3V)$.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.174-177
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• 2003

Electric double-layer capacitors based on charge storage at the interface between a high surface area activated carbon electrode and an electrolyte solution are characterized by their long cycle-life and high power density in comparison with batteries. However, energy density of electric double-layer capacitors obtained at present is about 6 Wh/kg at a power density of 500W/kg which is smaller as compared with that of batteries and limits the wide spread use of the capacitors. Therefore, a new capacitor that shows larger energy density than that of electric double-layer capacitors is proposed. The new capacitor is the hybrid capacitor consisting of activated carbon cathode, carbonaceous anode and an organic electrolyte. Maximum voltage applicable to the cell is over 4.2V that is larger than that of the electric double-layer capacitor. As a result, discharged energy density on the basis of stacked volume of electrode, current collector and separator is more than 18Wh/l at a power density of 500W/l.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.60 no.2
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• pp.431-434
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• 2011

In this paper, bandwidth enhanced design of dielectric resonator antenna fabricated in multi-layer substrate is introduced. The proposed dielectric resonator antenna is operating with fundamental TE101 mode and higher-order TM111 mode. Each resonance frequency is dependent on resonator dimensions. As increasing the height of radiating aperture, the higher-order TM111 mode resonance frequency approach the fundamental TE101 mode resonance frequency and the antenna bandwidth increase by double resonance. Three different aperture height size antennas that operated at 7GHz are fabricated in FR4 multi-layer substrate. Measured 10 dB matching bandwidth is 8 percent for single resonace antenna and 18 percent for double resonance antenna.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.487-493
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• 1990

A complete potential profile of an electrical double layer is calculated from a distribution function of charged particles based upon a model where the effect of a charged electrode and the finite size of ion are explicitly included. Electrons which are distributed on the electrode surface are assumed not to penetrate the electrode/electrolyte boundary. Formation of the constant density regions and their effects on potential and the electrical double layer capacitances are studied in great detail. The distribution of surface electrons as well as the constant density regions are found to be essential in characterizing the electrical double layer. The introduction of the ion size into the prior electrical double layer model of an ideally polarizable electrode/point charged electrolyte system, shows a great improvement in its characteristics mostly at negative potential region.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.204-211
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• 1994

Micro array lens systems are designed for a faximile or copy machine. The array type is hexagonal. Diameter of a lens is 0.16 mm and the distance of the center of the nearest neighbor is 0.192 mm. The magnitude of the lens system is 1:1. Working distane is 10.55 mm and the spot size is less than 0.04 mm radius on axis and 0.20 mm off-axis in case of single layer system. Working distance is 7.90 mm and the spot size is less than 0.07 mm radius on axis and 0.09 mm radius off axis in case of double layer system. Performance of single layer micro array lens system and double layer micro array lens system are compared with the characteristics of the ray fans.y fans.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.90-90
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• 1997

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2000.07a
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• pp.515-518
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• 2000

The electrochromic properties of $WO_{3}$/$MoO_{3}$ and $MoO_{3}$/$WO_{3}$ double-layers have been systemically studied. The double-layers were made by a e-beam evaporation method and investigated by studying optical modulation, transmittance, and cyclic voltammetry. The devices exhibit good optical properties with wavelength range of 400 to 1100 nm(visible and infrared) during coloration as a function of lithium ion charge injection. It has shown that the double-layer electrochromic thin films are improved the electrochromic properties, but the electrochemical properties are less stable.

• Interaction and multiscale mechanics
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.157-171
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• 2010

In this paper, a theoretical method has been developed for the electric double layer interaction under condition of the variable dielectric permittivity of water. Using Poisson-Boltzmann equation (PBE), for one plate and two plates having similar or dissimilar constant charge or constant potential, we have investigated the electric double layer potential, its gradient and the disjoining pressure as well as the effect of variation of dielectric permittivity on these parameters. It has been assumed that plates are separated by a specific distance and contain a liquid solution in between. It is shown that reduction of the dielectric permittivity near the interfaces results in compression of electric double layers and affects the potential and its gradient which leads to a decreased electrostatic repulsion. In addition, it is shown that variation of dielectric permittivity in the case of higher electrolyte concentration, leads to a greater change in potential distribution between two plates.